Bioaccumulation and biochemical effects of ethylhexyl methoxy cinnamate and its main transformation products in zebrafish.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bioaccumulation and biochemical responses exposed to one of the main organic ultraviolet (UV) pollutants in the environment, ethylhexyl methoxy cinnamate (EHMC), and its main transformation product, either alone or in combination in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Four-month-old zebrafish were exposed to EHMC (34.4, 344 nmol/L) solution for 14 days, the species and contents of EHMC transformation products in zebrafish were determined and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone (3,5DClHAcP) was the one with the highest concentration in transformation products. Then, zebrafish were exposed to EHMC, 3,5DClHAcP alone and mixed solution for 21 days. At 7, 14 and 21 d, the related indexes of antioxidant defense system were determined. Results showed that both EHMC and 3,5DClHAcP can lead to the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in visceral mass compared with the corresponding control group, thus produced oxidative stress effect in organism and 3,5DClHAcP even showed stronger oxidative stress than EHMC. The effects of the two lower concentration co-exposure groups were similar and more significant to that of single exposure groups, while excessive oxidative stress occurred at the highest co-exposure group indicated by the decrease of GSH content, SOD, CAT, GR activities and the continued increase of MDA content. At 21 d, estradiol (E), vitellogenin (Vtg) and testosterone (T) contents, estrogen receptor (Esr), progesterone receptor (Pgr), androgen receptor (Ar), Vtg1, P450 aromatase (Cyp19a1) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd17b3) expression were all significantly increased when exposed to 3,5DClHAcP alone, showing complex estrogen and androgen effects. When exposed to EHMC alone, E and Vtg contents, Esr, Pgr, Vtg1, Cyp19a1 and Hsd17b1 gene expression levels decreased significantly, and T content and Ar and Hsd17b3 expression increased significantly, indicated that EHMC can produce anti-estrogen and androgen effect. Last, the decrease of estrogen effect and increase of androgen effect in co-exposure group suggested that 3,5DClHAcP might weaken the estrogen effect and promote the androgen effect of EHMC.