Paraquat induced impaired reproductive function and modulation of retinal and extra-retinal photoreceptors in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

Paraquat (PQ) being a potent herbicide, causes toxic effect on growth, development and reproduction of plant as well as in animals. In this study we have mainly focused on the toxic effect of PQ on photoperception via different photoreceptors present in retina, pineal and hypothalamus and thereby its effect on hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal (HPG) axis. PQ was administered i.p.10 mg/kg body weight daily for 1 week in poultry birds Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Our findings clearly indicated decrease in immunoreactivity of retinal and extra retinal photoreceptors (Iodopsin, rhodopsin and transducin) following PQ treatment in comparison to control group. Increased immunoreactivity of GnIH was observed in testis and epididymis of PQ treated group. Decreased mRNA expression of photoreceptors (rhodopsin and melanopsin), steroidogenic genes, androgen receptor, GnRH-I were found in PQ treated group while increased mRNA expression of melatonin receptors (Mel 1a R, Mel 1b R, Mel 1c R) and GnIH were found in PQ treated group. Thus, from the present results it may be concluded that PQ treatment alters the photoperception via altering the expression of photoreceptors and also modulates the HPG axis thereby alters the reproductive functions in Japanese quails.