Application of computational fluid dynamics to raceways combining paddlewheel and CO spargers to enhance microalgae growth.

The present study investigated the effect of light intensity and mixing on microalgae growth in a raceway by comparing the performance of a paddlewheel to a combination of paddlewheel and CO spargers in a 20 L raceway. The increase of light intensity was known to be able to increase the microalgal growth rate. Increasing paddlewheel rotation speed from 13 to 30 rpm enhanced C. vulgaris growth by enhancing culture mixing. Simulation results using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) indicated that both the turnaround areas of the raceway and the area opposite the paddlewheel experienced very low flow velocities (dead zones) of less than 0.1 m/min, which could cause cell settling and slow down growth. The simulated CFD velocity distribution in the raceway was validated by actual velocity measurements. The installation of CO spargers in the dead zones greatly increased flow velocity. The increase of paddlewheel rotation speed reduced the dead zones and hence increased algal biomass production. By complementing the raceway paddlewheel with spargers providing CO at 30 mL/min, we achieved a dry cell weight of 5.2 ± 0.2 g/L, which was about 2.6 times that obtained without CO sparging.