Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2019 Dec;61:24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.003. Epub 2019 Jul 29.
Several decades of intense research provided us with a grand framework describing the emergence of neurons in central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. However, the specifics of molecular events and lineage control leading to a plethora of neuronal subtypes stayed largely unclear. Today, the advances in single cell omics, sample clearing and 3D-microscopy techniques, brain organoids, and synaptic connectivity tracing enabled systematic and unbiased understanding of neuronal diversity, development, circuitry and cell identity control. Novel technological advancements stimulated the transition from conceptual scheme of neuronal differentiation into precise maps of molecular events leading to the diversity of specific neuronal subtypes in relation to their locations and microenvironment. These high-resolution data opened a set of new questions including how transcriptional and epigenetics states control the proportionality of neuronal subpopulations or what are the evolutionary mechanisms of origin of different neuronal subtypes. In this review, we outline the most recent advancements in our understanding of how the neuronal diversity is generated in CNS and PNS and briefly address the challenges and questions arising in the field of neurogenesis.
几十年来的深入研究为我们提供了一个宏大的框架，描述了中枢神经系统（CNS）和周围神经系统（PNS）中神经元的出现。然而，导致众多神经元亚型的分子事件和谱系控制的具体细节在很大程度上仍不清楚。如今，单细胞组学、样本清除和 3D 显微镜技术、脑类器官和突触连接追踪的进步，使我们能够系统地、无偏地了解神经元的多样性、发育、回路和细胞身份控制。新的技术进步促使我们从神经元分化的概念方案转变为精确的分子事件图谱，这些分子事件导致特定神经元亚型的多样性与其位置和微环境有关。这些高分辨率数据提出了一系列新的问题，包括转录和表观遗传学状态如何控制神经元亚群的比例，或者不同神经元亚型的起源的进化机制是什么。在这篇综述中，我们概述了我们对 CNS 和 PNS 中神经元多样性产生方式的最新理解，并简要讨论了神经发生领域出现的挑战和问题。
