Waterworth Susan, Raphael Deborah, Gott Merryn, Arroll Bruce, Benipal Jagpal, Jarden Aaron
School of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
School of Nursing, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Int J Older People Nurs. 2019 Dec;14(4):e12267. doi: 10.1111/opn.12267. Epub 2019 Aug 26.
To explore community-dwelling older adults approaches to enhancing their psychological well-being.
Older adults who are living with long-term or chronic health conditions are particularly at risk of experiencing low psychological well-being. Little attention has been paid to preventive strategies that enhance psychological well-being and, in particular, to understanding how older adults enhance their own well-being.
Using Seligman's PERMA model of well-being (2011) as an organisational framework, this qualitative study interviewed 48 older people aged between 66 and 99 years. Of these, 17 men and 20 women participated in semi-structured interviews. Additionally, 11 women, all widows with a mean age of 81 years, participated in a focus group. The data were analysed with reference to the five aspects of PERMA (Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment) with a focus on identifying what actions the older people were taking to enhance their well-being. Further analysis involved coding the data into processes or practices and also influencing factors.
Most participants used a range of strength-based strategies or practices to enhance their well-being. For a small number of participants (n = 3), these practices were supported by the presence of partners as carers. However, using PERMA as our conceptual model illustrated that despite Seligman's view that individuals can take positive action within each of the five aspects of PERMA to enhance well-being, external factors, for example economic circumstances or mobility, can influence the ability of older adults to undertake well-being practices.
Older adults have a range of strategies or practices that they use to enhance their well-being. However, well-being is not a static concept and it is important to recognise the influence of health, social and environmental factors as enablers and enhancers of well-being.
Nurses can play a central role in supporting older adults who may be at risk of lower well-being. Nurses can do this by developing interventions to enhance well-being and ensuring better person-activity fit of strategies and practices. Our findings support the need for nurses to be involved in providing opportunities for older people to discuss well-being to support the development of individual, as well as community, models of well-being.
探讨居家老年人提升心理健康的方法。
患有长期或慢性健康问题的老年人尤其容易出现心理健康水平低下的情况。人们对提升心理健康的预防策略关注甚少，特别是对于了解老年人如何提升自身幸福感的关注不足。
本定性研究以塞利格曼2011年的幸福感PERMA模型为组织框架，采访了48名年龄在66岁至99岁之间的老年人。其中，17名男性和20名女性参与了半结构化访谈。此外，11名平均年龄为81岁的丧偶女性参加了焦点小组。数据依据PERMA的五个方面（积极情绪、投入、人际关系、意义、成就）进行分析，重点是确定老年人为提升幸福感采取了哪些行动。进一步分析包括将数据编码为过程或实践以及影响因素。
大多数参与者使用了一系列基于优势的策略或实践来提升幸福感。对于少数参与者（n = 3）来说，这些实践得到了作为照顾者的伴侣的支持。然而，以PERMA作为我们的概念模型表明，尽管塞利格曼认为个人可以在PERMA的五个方面中的每一个方面采取积极行动来提升幸福感，但外部因素，如经济状况或行动能力，会影响老年人进行提升幸福感实践的能力。
老年人有一系列用于提升幸福感的策略或实践。然而，幸福感并非一个静态概念，认识到健康、社会和环境因素作为幸福感的促成因素和增强因素的影响很重要。
护士在支持可能面临幸福感较低风险的老年人方面可以发挥核心作用。护士可以通过制定提升幸福感的干预措施并确保策略和实践更好地符合个人活动来做到这一点。我们的研究结果支持护士需要参与为老年人提供讨论幸福感的机会，以支持个人以及社区幸福感模型的发展。
