Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117557;
Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Sep 24;116(39):19248-19250. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1911410116. Epub 2019 Sep 3.
Gaze following has been argued to be uniquely human, facilitated by our depigmented, white sclera [M. Tomasello, B. Hare, H. Lehmann, J. Call, 52, 314-320 (2007)]-the pale area around the colored iris-and to underpin human-specific behaviors such as language. Today, we know that great apes show diverse patterns of scleral coloration [J. A. Mayhew, J. C. Gómez, 77, 869-877 (2015); J. O. Perea García, T. Grenzner, G. Hešková, P. Mitkidis, 10, e1264545 (2016)]. We compare scleral coloration and its relative contrast with the iris in bonobos, chimpanzees, and humans. Like humans, bonobos' sclerae are lighter relative to the color of their irises; chimpanzee sclerae are darker than their irises. The relative contrast between the sclera and iris in all 3 species is comparable, suggesting a perceptual mechanism to explain recent evidence that nonhuman great apes also rely on gaze as a social cue.
目光追随被认为是人类独有的行为，这得益于我们的巩膜（白色、无色部分）[M. Tomasello, B. Hare, H. Lehmann, J. Call, 52, 314-320 (2007)]——即虹膜周围的浅色区域——并支持人类特有的行为，如语言。如今，我们知道，类人猿表现出多样化的巩膜着色模式[J. A. Mayhew, J. C. Gómez, 77, 869-877 (2015); J. O. Perea García, T. Grenzner, G. Hešková, P. Mitkidis, 10, e1264545 (2016)]。我们比较了倭黑猩猩、黑猩猩和人类的巩膜颜色及其与虹膜的相对对比度。与人类一样，倭黑猩猩的巩膜相对于虹膜的颜色较浅；而黑猩猩的巩膜颜色比虹膜深。这 3 个物种的巩膜和虹膜之间的相对对比度相当，这表明存在一种感知机制，可以解释最近的证据，即非人类类人猿也依赖目光作为社会线索。
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