[Cavernous sinus syndrome as the initial symptom of Burkitt's lymphoma: a case report and literature review].

INTRODUCTION

The cavernous sinus is a structure in the base of the skull that houses several nerve and vascular structures. Its compromise leads to cavernous sinus syndrome, which is a combination of oculomotor disorders and others affecting the first two trigeminal branches, often accompanied by pain or proptosis. Infiltration due to Burkitt's lymphoma is a rare cause of this syndrome.

CASE REPORT

A 43-year-old male, carrier of human immunodeficiency virus, with good control of the disease, who developed a clinical picture consisting of progressive painful ophthalmoplegia in the presence of a laterocervical adenopathy. Complementary tests allowed a diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma with extranodal extension to the cavernous sinus. A review of the cases published in Medline was also carried out: a total of 15 cases were detected and their epidemiological characteristics, form of presentation, extracranial involvement at the time of diagnosis and clinical progression were described.

CONCLUSIONS

Burkitt's lymphoma is a high-grade lymphoproliferative syndrome. Its form associated with immunodeficiency is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this subgroup of patients. In the cases analysed in the literature, the age of presentation varied and the form of onset was a progressive painful ophthalmoplegia or numb chin syndrome. Exclusive involvement of the cavernous sinus was infrequent, but in that case it entailed a poor prognosis. It is important to rule out a primary extracranial origin and not to confuse it with an idiopathic Tolosa-Hunt syndrome that would delay the beginning of antitumour treatment.