mtDNA heteroplasmy inheritance and its effect on the use of and sequence data.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, especially mitochondrial control region () and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (), have been widely used in population and evolutionary genetic analyses of metazoan. The presence of mtDNA heteroplasmy - a mixture of mtDNA haplotypes - possibly affects these analyses. This study aimed to reveal mtDNA heteroplasmy in , , and (mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) of , and examine its effect on the use of and sequences. The screening result showed that the probability of observing mtDNA heteroplasmy was approximately 8%. Across the three targeted regions, 92 heteroplasmic variants were observed from seven samples comprising three mothers and four offspring. Most inherited heteroplasmy presented transition and silence mutation. By comparing the proportion of shared variants among maternal relatives to that among non-relatives, the result suggested that most heteroplasmic variants observed in an individual are inherited. Statistical analyses carried out on the inter-generational differences suggested that random drift and purifying selection play roles in determining the offspring's heteroplasmy level. The size of the random shift varies according to the location of variants and the mothers. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the presence of mtDNA heteroplasmy in and does not affect familial and species identification, respectively. This study firstly reported the mtDNA heteroplasmy in , its inheritance pattern, and its effect on the use of mtDNA sequence data. This basic knowledge would be useful for the study based on mtDNA sequence data, especially in other invertebrates.