Ultrasound-assisted extraction of chromium from residual tanned leather: An innovative strategy for the reuse of waste in tanning industry.

The tannery industry generates huge amount of waste with high Cr concentration, being classified as a dangerous waste. The development of alternative treatments for these residues aiming environmental friendly protocols are important topics of research. In this work, the use of ultrasound (US) energy for Cr removal from residual tanned leather was investigated. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) experiments were carried out in several systems as ultrasonic baths, cup horns, and probes, allowing to evaluate several frequencies (20-130 kHz) and power delivered to the extraction system. The following experimental conditions were evaluated: extraction solution (HCl, HNO, HSO, CHO and CHO), temperature (10-90 °C), time (1-40 min), US amplitude (10-90%), feedstock amount (50-450 mg), and concentration of extraction solution (0.1-4 mol L). A multivariate factorial design with 10 axial points and 3 central points was applied. After UAE optimization an efficiency of 92% was achieved for Cr removal using 150 mg of feedstock, 3 mol L HNO, at 30 °C, 90% of amplitude, and 30 min. The same efficiency was not observed using mechanical stirring (100-500 rpm), which was lower than 65%. To prove the applicability of the proposed process some experiments for scaling up were performed using several reactor loads (1-9 L). Moreover, using the proposed UAE process Cr was efficiently removed at lower reaction time and at room temperature only by using US and diluted acid solution, representing energy and reagents saving.