Azalomycin F Eradicates Biofilm by Rapidly Penetrating and Subsequently Inducing Cell Lysis.

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a serious threat to public health. Bacterial biofilm, as a natural lifestyle, is a major contributor to resistance to antimicrobials. Azalomycin F, a natural guanidine-containing polyhydroxy macrolide, has remarkable activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including , a major causative agent of hospital-acquired infections. To further evaluate its potential to be developed as a new antimicrobial agent, its influence on biofilm formation was evaluated using the crystal violet method, and then its eradication effect against mature biofilms was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, the drop plate method, and regrowth experiments. The results showed that azalomycin F could significantly inhibit biofilm formation, and such effects were concentration dependent. In addition, it can also eradicate mature biofilms with the minimum biofilm eradication concentration of 32.0 μg/mL. As extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) plays important roles in the structural integrity of bacterial biofilm, its influence on the eDNA release in biofilm was further analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Combined with our previous works, these results indicate that azalomycin F could rapidly penetrate biofilm and causes damages to the cell membrane, leading to an increase in DNase release and eventually eradicating biofilm.