Examination of the Shoulder for Beginners and Experts: An Update.

Compared with other joints in the body, examination of the shoulder continues to be a challenge for practitioners, whether they be trainers, physical therapists, primary care physicians, or orthopedic surgeons. There are many reasons for this challenge, the primary being the highly complex architecture of bony and soft-tissue anatomy which allows for the greatest range of motion of any joint of the body. As a result, the clinical examination as Ralph Hertel, MD, has commented "perhaps it is just not easy." His comment reflects that one cannot just expect to understand how to interpret the examination unless the observer has some knowledge of how the shoulder complex works, how to perform the basics of the examination, how to interpret radiographs, and how to integrate these variables into a diagnosis. This chapter will attempt to delineate the principles which make the shoulder examination more attainable, plus highlight the areas where a combination of factors is necessary to arrive at a diagnosis.