State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 92, Clifford, VA 24533, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Apr 20;714:136879. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136879. Epub 2020 Jan 22.
Oxybenzone (OBZ), avobenzone (AVB), octocrylene (OCR) and octinoxate (OMC) are ultraviolet (UV) filters commonly added to chemical sunscreens. These UV filters are known to widely contaminate the environment through a variety of anthropogenic sources, including sewage discharge. However, systematic studies of the damage caused by these four UV filters and their toxicopathological differences in a variety of plant species are lacking. In this study, we demonstrated that irrigation with water containing these four UV filters could significantly inhibit the aboveground growth of cucumber plant. All of the UV filters decreased photosynthesis through nonstomatal factors but via different inhibitory mechanisms. Only OBZ inhibited photosynthesis by directly inhibiting photosynthetic electron transport, while the other three (AVB, OCR, and OMC) inhibited photosynthesis by inhibiting the Calvin-Benson cycle. Additionally, these four UV filters also decreased plant respiration under long-term treatment. Photosynthesis and respiration inhibition led to the over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the formation of lipid peroxidation damage products, which further damaged the structure and function of plant cells, causing secondary pathologies and potentially leading to reduced crop yields. The study also demonstrated that these four UV filters caused different degrees of phototoxic damage to cucumber plants. On the basis of comprehensive evaluation, we speculated that the order of the four UV filters in terms of plant damage was OBZ > AVB > OMC > OCR. Because of the severe damaging effects of these UV filters on plant growth, the application of contaminated biosolids/reclaimed water in agriculture reduces agricultural production and may damage ecosystems. The results of this study can advance recognition of the hazards associated with environmental and agricultural pollution via UV filters and encourage consumers and the industry to limit or reduce the application of cosmetics and over-the-counter drugs containing these substances.
氧苯酮（OBZ）、阿伏苯宗（AVB）、奥克立林（OCR）和奥克脞林（OMC）是添加到化学防晒霜中的常见紫外线（UV）滤光剂。这些 UV 滤光剂通过多种人为来源（包括污水排放）广泛污染环境已被证实。然而，缺乏对这四种 UV 滤光剂造成的损害及其在各种植物物种中的毒理学差异的系统研究。在这项研究中，我们表明，用含有这四种 UV 滤光剂的水灌溉可显著抑制黄瓜植株地上部分的生长。所有的 UV 滤光剂都通过非气孔因素降低光合作用，但通过不同的抑制机制。只有 OBZ 通过直接抑制光合电子传递来抑制光合作用，而其他三种（AVB、OCR 和 OMC）则通过抑制卡尔文-本森循环来抑制光合作用。此外，这四种 UV 滤光剂在长期处理下也降低了植物呼吸作用。光合作用和呼吸作用的抑制导致活性氧（ROS）的过度产生和脂质过氧化损伤产物的形成，进一步破坏了植物细胞的结构和功能，导致次级病变，并可能导致作物产量降低。该研究还表明，这四种 UV 滤光剂对黄瓜植株造成不同程度的光毒性损伤。基于综合评价，我们推测这四种 UV 滤光剂对植物损伤的顺序为 OBZ > AVB > OMC > OCR。由于这些 UV 滤光剂对植物生长的严重破坏作用，受污染的生物固体/再生水在农业中的应用会降低农业产量，并可能破坏生态系统。本研究的结果可以提高人们对与环境和农业污染相关的 UV 滤光剂危害的认识，并鼓励消费者和工业界限制或减少含有这些物质的化妆品和非处方药的应用。
