Willcutt Erik G
University of Colorado Boulder, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience, Director, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center, Director of Clinical Training, Faculty Fellow, Institute for Behavior Genetics, Faculty, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309.
Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2019 Jun;6(2):31-36. doi: 10.1007/s40474-019-00162-0. Epub 2019 May 18.
This review provides an overview of studies that used behavioral genetic methods to understand the genetic and environmental influences that lead to comorbidity, the co-occurrence of two or more developmental disorders in the same individual.
Comorbidity is primarily explained by shared genetic influences for most pairs of disorders that have been studied, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities, conduct disorder and ADHD, anxiety and depression, and anxiety and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Molecular genetic studies indicate that the etiologies of developmental disorders are highly multifactorial, with dozens or even hundreds of genes acting in combination with environmental risk factors to lead to each individual disorder and the extensive comorbidity between disorders. Due to this complexity, current state-of-the-art studies are now combining molecular genetic data from multiple large samples to begin to achieve adequate statistical power to identify the specific genetic polymorphisms that lead to comorbidity.
An extensive literature demonstrates the pervasiveness and potential importance of comorbidity between developmental disorders, and results of family, twin, and molecular genetic studies indicate that these comorbidities may be largely explained by shared genetic influences. Additional studies are ongoing to identify the specific genetic polymorphisms that increase risk for each developmental disorder and comorbidity between disorders.
本综述概述了利用行为遗传学方法来理解导致共病现象(即同一个体中两种或更多发育障碍同时出现)的遗传和环境影响因素的相关研究。
对于大多数已研究的障碍对,共病现象主要由共同的遗传影响来解释,包括注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)与学习障碍、品行障碍与ADHD、焦虑症与抑郁症,以及焦虑症与自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)。分子遗传学研究表明,发育障碍的病因是高度多因素的,数十个甚至数百个基因与环境风险因素共同作用,导致个体出现每种障碍以及障碍之间广泛的共病现象。由于这种复杂性,当前的前沿研究正在整合来自多个大样本的分子遗传学数据,以开始获得足够的统计效力来识别导致共病的特定基因多态性。
大量文献证明了发育障碍之间共病现象的普遍性和潜在重要性,家族、双胞胎和分子遗传学研究结果表明,这些共病现象可能很大程度上由共同的遗传影响来解释。正在进行更多研究以识别增加每种发育障碍及障碍之间共病风险的特定基因多态性。