High-resolution anthropogenic ammonia emission inventory for the Yangtze River Delta, China.

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is one of the regions with air pollution and high ammonia (NH) emission in China. A high-resolution ammonia emission inventory for the YRD region was developed based on the updated source-specific emission factor (EFs) and the county-level activity data. The 1 × 1 km gridded emissions were allocated by using the appropriate spatial surrogate. The total NH emissions changed insignificantly from 2006 to 2014 and varied in the range of 981.65 kt - 1014.30 kt. The fertilizer application and livestock were the major contributors of total emission. Humans, biomass burning and vehicles were the top three contributors of non-agricultural sources, accounting for 37.24%, 31.02% and 10.85%, respectively. Vehicles were calculated to be the non-agricultural source with the fastest annual growth rate. NH emissions from the nitrogen fertilizer application generally peaked in summer, corresponding to the planting schedule and relatively high temperature. High NH emissions occurred in the north as opposed to low emissions in the south of the YRD. The cities of Xuzhou, Yancheng and Nantong with more agricultural activities were demonstrated to have relatively high NH emissions, contributing 10.0%, 9.0 and 7.1% of total emissions, respectively. The validity of the emission estimates was further evaluated based on the uncertainty analysis by Monte Carlo simulation, comparison with previous studies, and correlation analysis between NH emission density and observed ground NH concentration. A detailed NH emission inventory is the basis of regional-scale air quality model simulation and can provide valuable information for understanding the formation mechanism of pollutants.