Usefulness of vasculitis biomarkers in the era of the personalized medicine.

In recent years, insight into immune pathogenesis and treatment of primary systemic vasculitides (PSV) has increased considerably, and has led to the development of many clinically relevant biomarkers. This review aims to provide an update on the main biomarkers discovered and their potential application to precision medicine in vasculitis. Genetic and molecular profiling of patients and promising biomarkers discoveries are very important for personalized medicine; however, there are very limited data in PSV. Genetic studies including mainly genome-wide association studies (GWAS) had led to important discoveries in disease pathogenesis of PSV while whole exome sequencing studies lead to discovery of monogenic vasculitides. Although there are numerous studies addressing novel biomarkers in PSV, few of these biomarkers are currently being used in routine clinical practice in the management of patients with PSV. Current studies indicate that ANCA types identify distinct prognostic subsets of ANCA vasculitis patients. Today, biomarkers-driven treatment algorithms are not available in PSV.