Health Sciences Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Vet Anaesth Analg. 2020 May;47(3):341-346. doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.01.005. Epub 2020 Feb 4.
To determine the effects of midazolam on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) reduction of end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe'Iso) measured using an electrical stimulus in Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus).
Randomized crossover experimental study.
A group of six adult Quaker parrots, weighing 98-124 g.
Birds were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen delivered by mask, then tracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated. Three treatments were applied with a 4 day interval between anesthetic events. Each anesthetized bird was administered midazolam (1 mg kg; treatment MID1), midazolam (2 mg kg; treatment MID2) or electrolyte solution (control) intramuscularly. The treatments were administered using a replicated Latin square design and the observers were blinded. Based on a pilot bird, the starting Fe'Iso was 1.8%. After equilibration for 10 minutes, a supramaximal stimulus was delivered using an electrical current (20 V and 50 Hz for 10 ms) and birds were observed for non-reflex movement. The Fe'Iso was titrated by 0.1% until a crossover event was observed. The MAC was estimated using logistic regression.
The MAC of isoflurane (MAC) was estimated at 2.52% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.19-2.85] with a range of 1.85-2.65%. MAC in MID1 was 2.04% (95% CI, 1.71-2.37) and in MID2 was 1.81% (95% CI, 1.48-2.14); reductions in MAC from control of 19% (p = 0.001) and 28% (p < 0.001), respectively. Heart rate, temperature, sex and anesthetic time were not different among treatments.
Midazolam (1-2 mg kg) intramuscularly resulted in a significant isoflurane-sparing effect in response to a noxious stimulus in Quaker parrots without observable adverse effects.
Midazolam can be used as part of a balanced anesthetic approach using isoflurane in Quaker parrots, and potentially in other psittacine species.
确定咪达唑仑对用电刺激测量的 Quaker 鹦鹉（Myiopsitta monachus）呼气末异氟醚浓度（Fe'Iso）最小麻醉浓度（MAC）降低的影响。
随机交叉实验研究。
一组六只成年 Quaker 鹦鹉，体重 98-124 克。
鸟类通过面罩吸入异氟醚麻醉，然后气管插管并机械通气。在麻醉事件之间间隔 4 天应用三种处理方法。每只麻醉的鸟类肌内注射咪达唑仑（1mg/kg；治疗 MID1）、咪达唑仑（2mg/kg；治疗 MID2）或电解质溶液（对照）。处理方法采用复制的拉丁方设计，观察者被蒙蔽。根据一只试验鸟，起始 Fe'Iso 为 1.8%。平衡 10 分钟后，使用电流（20V 和 50Hz 持续 10ms）给予最大刺激，并观察鸟类是否有非反射运动。通过 0.1%的异氟醚滴定，直到观察到交叉事件。使用逻辑回归估计 MAC。
异氟醚的 MAC（MAC）估计为 2.52%（95%置信区间（CI），2.19-2.85%），范围为 1.85-2.65%。MID1 的 MAC 为 2.04%（95%CI，1.71-2.37%），MID2 的 MAC 为 1.81%（95%CI，1.48-2.14%）；对照的 MAC 降低了 19%（p=0.001）和 28%（p<0.001）。心率、体温、性别和麻醉时间在处理之间没有差异。
肌内注射咪达唑仑（1-2mg/kg）可使 Quaker 鹦鹉对有害刺激产生显著的异氟醚节约效应，且无明显不良反应。
咪达唑仑可与异氟醚联合作为 Quaker 鹦鹉平衡麻醉方法的一部分使用，也可能在其他凤头鹦鹉物种中使用。
