Acute kidney injury in sick neonates: a comparative study of diagnostic criteria, assessment of risk factors and outcomes.

INTRODUCTION

Neonatal acute kidney injury (nAKI) poses unique challenges with diagnostic criteria specific to neonates evolving over time. Urine output (UOP) criterion has a special place in the diagnosis of nAKI although significant clarity on the ideal diagnostic threshold for UOP is not established. Risk factors peculiar to the tropical region for acute kidney injury (AKI) in neonates needs attention. It would be interesting to assess for kidney function in neonates who survived AKI during the dynamic phase of infancy.

OBJECTIVES

To compare criteria of modified kidney disease improving global outcome (mKDIGO) and neonatal risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage criteria (nRIFLE) in diagnosing AKI in sick neonates; to study the risk factors for AKI and clinical outcomes at the end of neonatal ICU stay and during infancy.

METHODS

This prospective study was conducted at a tertiary neonatal ICU that screened and staged sick neonates by applying mKDIGO and nRIFLE criteria. Risk factors were assessed and glomerular filtration rate was calculated by cystatin C in survivors of nAKI for 12 months post conception age.

RESULTS

nAKI was observed in 30% (49/163) of sick neonates. The mKDIGO (94%) detected a higher number of neonates with AKI compared to nRIFLE (49%). Based on only UOP, nRIFLE diagnosed a higher proportion of neonates with mild AKI compared to mKDIGO (29% versus 16%), respectively. Besides known risk factors, hypernatremic dehydration (18%) was an important risk factor for AKI. With 20% mortality, the risk of developing AKI was comparable using either mKDIGO or nRIFLE diagnostic criteria. At the end of infancy, mean cystatin C eGFR of neonates was 101.3 ± 29.2 ml/1.73 m/min.

CONCLUSION

In sick neonates, mKDIGO criteria performed better than nRIFLE in detecting AKI. However, the risk of mortality was comparable using either diagnostic criterion. Hypernatremic dehydration was an important risk factor for AKI and renal function of neonates following complete recovery of AKI was normal at the end of infancy.