Haplotype-Based Analysis of -Gene Profiles in a South European Population-Distribution of Standard and Variant Haplotypes, and Identification of Novel Recombinant Structures.

Inhibitory Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) specific for HLA class I molecules enable human natural killer cells to monitor altered antigen presentation in pathogen-infected and tumor cells. genes display extensive copy-number variation and allelic polymorphism. They organize in a series of variable arrangements, designated haplotypes, which derive from duplications of ancestral genes and sequence diversification through point mutation and unequal crossing-over events. Genomic studies have established the organization of multiple haplotypes-many of them are fixed in most human populations, whereas variants of those have less certain distributions. Whilst -gene diversity of many populations and ethnicities has been explored superficially (frequencies of individual genes and presence/absence profiles), less abundant are in-depth analyses of how such diversity emerges from -haplotype structures. We characterize here the genetic diversity of KIR in a sample of 414 Spanish individuals. Using a parsimonious approach, we manage to explain all 38 observed -gene profiles by homo- or heterozygous combinations of six fixed centromeric and telomeric motifs; of six variant gene arrangements characterized previously by us and others; and of two novel haplotypes never detected before in Caucasoids. Associated to the latter haplotypes, we also identified the novel transcribed allele, and a chimeric / gene (designated ) that challenges current criteria for classification and nomenclature of genes and haplotypes.