Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Jul 20;727:138691. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138691. Epub 2020 Apr 15.
Data on chlorophenoxy herbicides (CPHs) in drinking water from China are scarce. This study was designed to describe the occurrence of CPHs in drinking water in China. In June 2019, drinking water samples including 789 tap water and 95 groundwater samples were collected from 31 provinces in mainland China and Hong Kong. Raw source, treated, and tap water samples (n = 20, 20, and 170, respectively) in Wuhan, Central China were also analyzed. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) were found in 71.2% and 74.9% of the samples nationwide, respectively. The cumulative concentration of CPHs (ΣCPHs) in tap water in China was up to 125 ng/L (median: 1.38 ng/L), and regional variations were found for ΣCPHs. The highest median ΣCPHs (3.95 ng/L) was found in Northeast China, followed by Central (3.40), South (2.71), East (2.43), Southwest (1.58), North (0.42), and Northwest China (0.30). The median ΣCPHs in groundwater was approximately five times lower than that in tap water. In addition, ΣCPHs were found in all the raw source water samples collected in Wuhan, Central China (median: 6.69 ng/L, range: 2.66-43.1 ng/L). The removal of 2,4-D and MCPA during conventional drinking water treatment was not efficient, removing approximately 0.91% and 17.4%, respectively. In a water plant with advanced treatment, they were efficiently removed. Seasonal variations were found in ΣCPHs in tap water from Wuhan, with the highest found in July (median: 21.2 ng/L), and the lowest in October (1.96 ng/L). The intake of CPHs via water ingestion was estimated as below 5 ng/kg-bw/day, much lower than the reference doses for 2,4-D (5 μg/kg-bw/day) and MCPA (4 μg/kg-bw/day). This is the first study to demonstrate the fate of CPHs during drinking water treatment and seasonal variations of CPHs in water from Wuhan, China. Moreover, this study provides an overview of ΣCPHs in tap water for many areas in China.
中国有关饮用水中氯苯氧基除草剂（CPHs）的数据稀缺。本研究旨在描述中国饮用水中 CPHs 的状况。2019 年 6 月，采集了来自中国大陆 31 个省和香港的 789 个自来水样本和 95 个地下水样本。还分析了中国中部武汉市的原水、处理水和自来水样本（分别为 20、20 和 170 个）。在全国范围内，分别有 71.2%和 74.9%的样本中检测到 2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸（2,4-D）和 2-甲基-4-氯苯氧基乙酸（MCPA）。中国自来水总 CP 浓度（ΣCPHs）高达 125ng/L（中位数：1.38ng/L），且存在区域性差异。东北地区的ΣCPHs 中位数最高（3.95ng/L），其次是中部（3.40ng/L）、南部（2.71ng/L）、东部（2.43ng/L）、西南部（1.58ng/L）、北部（0.42ng/L）和西北部（0.30ng/L）。地下水的 ΣCPHs 中位数约为自来水的五倍。此外，在武汉市采集的所有原水样本中均检出 ΣCPHs（中位数：6.69ng/L，范围：2.66-43.1ng/L）。常规饮用水处理对 2,4-D 和 MCPA 的去除效率不高，分别去除了约 0.91%和 17.4%。在具有先进处理的水厂中，它们被有效去除。武汉市自来水中 ΣCPHs 存在季节性变化，7 月最高（中位数：21.2ng/L），10 月最低（1.96ng/L）。通过饮水摄入 CPHs 的估计量低于 5ng/kg-bw/day，远低于 2,4-D（5μg/kg-bw/day）和 MCPA（4μg/kg-bw/day）的参考剂量。这是第一项研究，旨在展示 CPHs 在饮用水处理过程中的命运以及中国武汉水中 CPHs 的季节性变化。此外，本研究还概述了中国许多地区自来水中 ΣCPHs 的情况。
