Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036, India.
Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, 600036, India.
Environ Pollut. 2020 Oct;265(Pt B):114814. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114814. Epub 2020 May 15.
The aquifer in Tondiarpet, Chennai, had been severely contaminated with petroleum fuels due to an underground pipeline leakage. Groundwater samples were analyzed quarterly for priority pollutants such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and naphthalene (BTEXN) using purge and trap gas chromatography and mass spectrometer from 2016 to 2018. The maximum concentrations of BTEXN in groundwater at the site were found to be greater than the permissible limits significantly. Among the five sampling locations (MW1, MW2, MW3, MW4, and MW5), mean BTEXN levels were found to be higher near MW2, confirming the source location of petroleum leakage. Human health risk assessment was carried out using deterministic and probabilistic methods for exposure to BTEXN by oral and dermal exposure pathways. Risk analysis indicated that mean cancer and non-cancer risks were many times higher than the allowable limits of 1E-06 and 1 respectively in all age groups (children, teens, and adults), implying the adverse health effects. Oral exposure is predominately contributing (60-80%) to the total health risk in comparison to the dermal exposure route. Variability and uncertainty were addressed using the Monte Carlo simulations and the resultant minimum, maximum, 5th, 95th and mean percentile risks were predicted. Under the random exposure conditions to BTEXN, it was estimated that the risk would become unacceptable for >98.7% of the exposed population. Based on the sensitivity analysis, exposure duration, and ingestion rate are the crucial variables contributing significantly to the health risk. As part of the risk management, preliminary remediation goals for the study site were estimated, which require >99% removal of the BTEXN contamination for risk-free exposures. It is suggested that the residents of Tondiarpet shouldn't utilize the contaminated groundwater mainly for oral ingestion to lower the cancer incidence related to exposure to BTEXN.
钦奈的通迪尔佩特含水层由于地下管道泄漏而受到石油燃料的严重污染。2016 年至 2018 年期间，使用吹扫捕集气相色谱和质谱仪，每季度对苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯和萘（BTEXN）等优先污染物进行分析。发现该地点地下水中的 BTEXN 最大浓度明显超过了允许限值。在五个采样点（MW1、MW2、MW3、MW4 和 MW5）中，MW2 附近的 BTEXN 平均值较高，证实了石油泄漏的源头位置。使用确定性和概率方法对通过口服和皮肤接触途径接触 BTEXN 的人体健康风险进行了评估。风险分析表明，在所有年龄段（儿童、青少年和成年人）中，平均癌症和非癌症风险均高出允许限值 1E-06 和 1 许多倍，这意味着存在不良健康影响。与皮肤接触途径相比，口服暴露主要（60-80%）对总健康风险有贡献。使用蒙特卡罗模拟解决了变异性和不确定性问题，并预测了最小、最大、第 5、95 和平均百分位风险。在 BTEXN 的随机暴露条件下，估计有超过 98.7%的暴露人群的风险将变得不可接受。根据敏感性分析，暴露持续时间和摄入量是对健康风险有重大影响的关键变量。作为风险管理的一部分，对研究地点进行了初步修复目标的估算，这需要去除 BTEXN 污染的>99%，才能实现无风险暴露。建议通迪尔佩特的居民主要不要使用受污染的地下水进行口服摄入，以降低与接触 BTEXN 相关的癌症发病率。
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