Branscome Heather, Paul Siddhartha, Yin Dezhong, El-Hage Nazira, Agbottah Emmanuel T, Zadeh Mohammad Asad, Liotta Lance A, Kashanchi Fatah
Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States.
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA, United States.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Jun 10;8:455. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00455. eCollection 2020.
Neurodegeneration is a hallmark of many diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). High levels of neuroinflammation are often associated with irreparable damage to CNS cells due to the dysregulation of signaling cascades that are unable to restore a homeostatic balance. Due to the inherent complexity of the CNS, development of CNS-related therapeutics has met limited success. While stem cell therapy has been evaluated in the context of CNS repair, the mechanisms responsible for their functional properties have not been clearly defined. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of stem cell extracellular vesicles (EVs) for the treatment of various CNS pathologies as these vesicles are believed to mediate many of the functional effects associated with their donor stem cells. The potency of stem cell EVs is believed to be largely driven by their biological cargo which includes various types of RNAs, proteins, and cytokines. In this review, we describe the characteristic properties of stem cell EVs and summarize their reported neuroprotective and immunomodulatory functions. A special emphasis is placed on the identification of specific biological cargo, including proteins and non-coding RNA molecules, that have been found to be associated with stem cell EVs. Collectively, this review highlights the potential of stem cell EVs as an alternative to traditional stem cell therapy for the repair of cellular damage associated with diverse CNS pathologies.
神经退行性变是许多中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病和紊乱的一个标志。高水平的神经炎症通常与中枢神经系统细胞的不可修复损伤有关，这是由于信号级联失调，无法恢复体内平衡。由于中枢神经系统固有的复杂性，中枢神经系统相关治疗方法的开发取得的成功有限。虽然干细胞疗法已在中枢神经系统修复的背景下进行了评估，但其功能特性的相关机制尚未明确界定。近年来，人们越来越关注使用干细胞细胞外囊泡（EVs）治疗各种中枢神经系统疾病，因为这些囊泡被认为介导了与其供体干细胞相关的许多功能效应。干细胞EVs的效力被认为很大程度上由其生物货物驱动，这些生物货物包括各种类型的RNA、蛋白质和细胞因子。在这篇综述中，我们描述了干细胞EVs的特性，并总结了其已报道的神经保护和免疫调节功能。特别强调了对特定生物货物的鉴定，包括已发现与干细胞EVs相关的蛋白质和非编码RNA分子。总的来说，这篇综述突出了干细胞EVs作为传统干细胞疗法替代品的潜力，用于修复与多种中枢神经系统疾病相关的细胞损伤。
