Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Oct 10;738:140225. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140225. Epub 2020 Jun 19.
Coffee is one of the most important commercial traded commodities in the international market, as well as the most popular beverage around the world. In Mexico, organic coffee cultivation (specifically, Arabica coffee crops) is a highly demanded that generates up to 500,000 employments in 14 federal entities. Among various coffee producers, Chiapas, Veracruz, and Oaxaca are responsible of 80% of the total coffee production in the country. Currently, Mexico is the leading producer of organic coffee in the world. However, there have been a slow recovery due to the large production losses since 2012, caused by earlier and highly aggressive outbreaks of coffee leaf rust (CLR), in the country, where the infectious agent is known as Hemileia vastatrix (HV). This phenomenon is becoming frequent, and climate change effects could be the main contributors. This spontaneous proliferation was generated in Mexico, due to the precipitation and temperature variability, during the last decade. As result, in Mexico, the biological interaction between coffee crops and their environment has been harmed and crucial characteristics, as crop yield and quality, are particularly being affected, directly by the negative effects of the greenhouse phenomenon, and indirectly, through diseases as CLR. Therefore, this review discusses the contribution of climate change effects in the early development of CLR in Mexico. The focus is also given on possible schemes and actions taken around the world as control measures to adapt the vulnerable coffee varieties to tackle this challenging issue.
咖啡是国际市场上最重要的商业交易商品之一，也是全球最受欢迎的饮料之一。在墨西哥，有机咖啡种植（特别是阿拉伯咖啡作物）需求量很大，在 14 个联邦实体中创造了多达 50 万个就业机会。在众多咖啡生产商中，恰帕斯、韦拉克鲁斯和瓦哈卡负责全国 80%的咖啡总产量。目前，墨西哥是世界上最大的有机咖啡生产国。然而，自 2012 年以来，由于咖啡叶锈病（CLR）的早期和高度侵袭性爆发导致大量减产，该国的咖啡产量一直处于缓慢复苏状态，该病原体被称为咖啡单孢锈菌（HV）。这种现象越来越频繁，气候变化的影响可能是主要原因。由于过去十年中降水和温度的变化，这种自发的扩散在墨西哥产生。因此，在墨西哥，咖啡作物与其环境之间的生物相互作用受到了破坏，其关键特征，如作物产量和质量，直接受到温室效应的负面影响，间接受到咖啡叶锈病等疾病的影响。因此，本文讨论了气候变化对墨西哥 CLR 早期发展的影响。本文还重点介绍了世界各地为适应脆弱的咖啡品种而采取的可能方案和行动，以应对这一具有挑战性的问题。
