Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Antioquia, Colombia.
School of Medicine, Pontifical Bolivarian University, Colombia.
Environ Pollut. 2020 Oct;265(Pt A):115034. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115034. Epub 2020 Jun 25.
The influence of palm oil biodiesel content on the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of particle- and gas-phase diesel vehicle emissions was investigated. The emissions were collected on-board of a EURO IV diesel truck, fuelled with mixtures of 10% (B10), 20% (B20) and 100% (B100) of palm oil biodiesel, under real driving conditions. Organic extracts of the particulate matter (PM) and gases were characterised for 17 PAH (including EPA priority) and used for the biological assay. Increasing biodiesel content in the fuel mixture results in a decrease in the PM and PAH emission factors, both in the particulate and gas-phase. The majority of the PAH are present in the gas-phase. The mutagenic potencies, in TA98 bacteria, are higher for B20 in both phases, whereas the mutagenicity emission factor, that takes into account the lower emission of PM and PAH, is not significantly different between the fuels. Higher direct mutagenicity (TA98 + S9) is observed in all the tested fuels, indicating the action of carcinogenic compounds other than non-substituted PAH. The gas-phase extracts present higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in lung epithelial cell A549, which may be related to the higher PAH content in the gas-phase. The increase in biodiesel content have a different impact on cytotoxicity, being larger in the gas-phase and lower in the particle-phase. This indicates that pulmonary toxicity may be higher for the gaseous emissions, due to the role of different toxic compounds compared to the PM. The adverse biological effects when biodiesel content increases are not consequent with the reduction of the PAH characterised, indicating that other toxic compounds are more relevant. Further investigations to identify these compounds are required in order to update and focus the efforts regarding emission targets and controls.
研究了棕榈油生物柴油含量对柴油车颗粒物和气相排放物细胞毒性、致突变性和遗传毒性的影响。在实际驾驶条件下，使用 EURO IV 柴油卡车，以 10%（B10）、20%（B20）和 100%（B100）棕榈油生物柴油混合物为燃料，收集颗粒物（PM）和气体的排放物。对颗粒物和气体中的 17 种多环芳烃（包括 EPA 优先污染物）进行了有机提取物的特性分析，并用于生物测定。随着燃料混合物中生物柴油含量的增加，PM 和 PAH 的排放因子在颗粒物和气相中均呈下降趋势。大多数 PAH 存在于气相中。在 TA98 细菌中，B20 在两相中的致突变潜能均较高，而考虑到 PM 和 PAH 排放量较低的致突变性排放因子，在不同燃料之间没有显著差异。在所有测试的燃料中都观察到更高的直接致突变性（TA98+S9），这表明除了非取代的 PAH 之外，还有致癌化合物在起作用。在肺上皮细胞 A549 中，气相提取物的细胞毒性和遗传毒性更高，这可能与气相中更高的 PAH 含量有关。随着生物柴油含量的增加，细胞毒性的影响也不同，在气相中增加的幅度更大，而在颗粒物中则更低。这表明，由于与 PM 相比，气态排放物中存在不同的有毒化合物，因此气态排放物的肺毒性可能更高。当生物柴油含量增加时，不良的生物学效应与所表征的 PAH 减少不一致，这表明其他有毒化合物更为重要。需要进一步研究以确定这些化合物，以便更新和重点关注排放目标和控制措施。
