Remeš Vladimír, Matysioková Beata, Vrána Jakub
Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12800 Praha, Czech Republic.
Front Zool. 2020 Sep 30;17:29. doi: 10.1186/s12983-020-00377-7. eCollection 2020.
Growth trajectories should be adapted to selective factors of each species' environment. However, major shaping forces of growth and development are unclear, especially when studying several traits at once. Birds provide an ideal opportunity to analyze growth patterns across species due to there being enough available data. We tested the relative importance of nest predation risk, the number of care-givers, nest height, foraging substrate, clutch size, and latitude on growth patterns of passerine birds (Passeriformes) using phylogenetic comparative methods. Specifically, we studied the evolution of fledging time, average and peak growth rates, and relative development at fledging of body mass and tarsus, wing, and tail length.
Using a comprehensive literature search and data quality control, we obtained data on growth in 231 species based on 295 populations. Species with long development in the nest grew slowly and had well-developed traits at fledging. Species breeding under high nest predation risk, building their nests close to the ground, and those living in northern temperate regions fledged early and grew fast, sometimes fledging with less developed body mass and traits critical for locomotion (tarsus, wing, and tail). On the other hand, the number of caring adults, clutch size, and species' foraging substrate had very limited predictive value for growth patterns across passerine species.
Shortening of the nestling period was a primary means of accelerating development (in relation to nest predation, nest height, and latitude), sometimes supplemented by higher peak growth rates of body mass, tarsus, and wing (especially in relation to latitude). Overall growth patterns of passerines were adaptively tuned to nest predation risk and nest height, with northern temperate species having especially short nestling periods and fast growth rates of body mass, tarsus, and wing.
生长轨迹应适应每个物种环境的选择因素。然而，生长和发育的主要塑造力量尚不清楚，尤其是在同时研究多个性状时。由于有足够的可用数据，鸟类为分析不同物种的生长模式提供了理想的机会。我们使用系统发育比较方法，测试了巢捕食风险、照料者数量、巢高、觅食基质、窝卵数和纬度对雀形目鸟类生长模式的相对重要性。具体而言，我们研究了出飞时间、平均和峰值生长速率以及出飞时体重、跗跖、翅膀和尾巴长度的相对发育情况。
通过全面的文献检索和数据质量控制，我们基于295个种群获得了231个物种的生长数据。在巢中发育时间长的物种生长缓慢，出飞时具有发育良好的性状。在高巢捕食风险下繁殖、在靠近地面处筑巢的物种以及生活在北温带地区的物种出飞较早且生长迅速，有时出飞时体重和对运动至关重要的性状（跗跖、翅膀和尾巴）发育较差。另一方面，照料成年个体的数量、窝卵数和物种的觅食基质对雀形目物种的生长模式预测价值非常有限。
缩短育雏期是加速发育的主要方式（与巢捕食、巢高和纬度有关），有时还会辅以体重、跗跖和翅膀更高的峰值生长速率（尤其是与纬度有关）。雀形目的总体生长模式是根据巢捕食风险和巢高进行适应性调整的，北温带物种的育雏期特别短，体重、跗跖和翅膀的生长速率很快。
