Department of Linguistics, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 2021 May;12(3):e1547. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1547. Epub 2020 Oct 5.
Creaky phonation (also known as creaky voice, vocal fry, laryngealization, or glottalization) is a voice quality that refers to shortened and thickened vocal folds that vibrate at a low and quasi-regular fundamental frequency with a long period of damping. Cross-linguistically, creaky phonation can span either short or long domains. When implemented on individual vowels or consonants (as in Zapotec or Montana Salish), it can signal phonemic contrast with other voice qualities, or it can be an additional acoustic cue to enhance other contrasts, such as tone (as in Mandarin or Cantonese). Another segmental use of creaky phonation in many languages is as a variant of glottal stop. Creaky phonation can also be implemented as a prosodic element that signals the end of a phrase (as in English or Mandarin), or indicates relinquishing a conversational turn (as in Finnish). It can also express meaning in a social interaction, such as irritation (in Vietnamese). Lastly, creaky phonation can be deployed as a sociolinguistic marker to establish identities, convey affect, or distinguish one speech group from another within the same language. In some social circumstances, such as the perception that young women use creaky phonation at greater rates than men do, it can be evaluated negatively by listeners. As creaky phonation can be combined with linguistic elements at various levels and is easily perceptible, it has taken on a remarkable number of roles in our linguistic repertoires. This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain.
摩擦音发声（也被称为摩擦声、声门下发声、声门化或声门压缩）是一种声音质量，指的是缩短和变厚的声带以低且近乎规则的基频振动，阻尼时间长。跨语言来看，摩擦音发声可以跨越短或长的范围。当应用于单个元音或辅音时（如在萨波特克语或蒙大拿萨利希语中），它可以与其他声音质量形成音位对比，或者可以作为增强其他对比的附加声学提示，如声调（如在普通话或粤语中）。摩擦音发声在许多语言中的另一种音段用法是作为声门塞音的变体。摩擦音发声也可以作为韵律元素来表示一个短语的结束（如在英语或普通话中），或者表示放弃一个会话轮次（如在芬兰语中）。它还可以在社交互动中表达意义，如恼怒（在越南语中）。最后，摩擦音发声可以作为社会语言学标记来建立身份、传达情感，或在同一种语言内区分不同的言语群体。在某些社会情况下，如听众认为年轻女性比男性更频繁地使用摩擦音发声，它可能会被负面评价。由于摩擦音发声可以与语言元素在各个层面结合，并且很容易被感知，因此它在我们的语言能力中扮演了许多重要的角色。本文属于以下分类：语言学>心智与脑的语言。
