Shift in nitrogen transformation in peatland soil by nitrogen inputs.

Inputs of nitrogen (N) to peatlands in the form of fertilizers have rapidly increased due to the intensification of agricultural systems, impacting ecological processes, and the carbon storage function of peatland. However, detailed information on the impacts of long-term N inputs on the individual steps of N transformation processes in peatland soils still needs to be fully understood. We investigated N mineralization and nitrification rates as well as nitrite dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo), anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), denitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in a peatland affected by N inputs for >50 years, using isotope tracing technique and quantitative PCR. Based on the results, N inputs increased N mineralization and nitrification rates by 77 and 43%, respectively. Notably, the contributions of n-damo and anammox to N production were enhanced by 242 and 170%, accounting for 30 and 12%, respectively. The contributions of denitrification and DNRA to N production decreased by 27 and 52%, accounting for 48 and 10% of N production, respectively. Nitrifier abundance increased significantly, with AOA being the dominant prokaryote (from 696 to 1090 copies g), but AOB responded more strongly to N inputs (from 5 to 68 copies g). The N inputs also promoted the growth of n-damo and anammox bacteria, whose abundances increased by 3.7% (from 565 to 586 copies g) and 85.7% (from 305 to 567 copies g), respectively, while denitrifier abundance was significantly reduced, with nirK and nirS abundances decreasing by 58% (from 738 to 308 copies g) and 50% (from 218 to 109 copies g), respectively. Soil pH was the key environmental factor influencing N transformations. We show that n-damo plays important roles in N cycling in peatland subjected to N inputs, providing a scientific basis for improved peatland management.