Dural and carotid cavernous sinus fistulas. Diagnosis, management, and complications.

Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas (CCSFs) are a rare entity occurring as a result of head trauma and also spontaneously. The major threat from these fistulas is loss of vision. The authors reviewed 18 cases of direct and dural CCSFs seen over the last 10 years and compared our results with 553 cases treated in the literature. Seventy-one percent of our patients with direct CCSFs had successful balloon embolization. In the literature, successful closure of direct CCSFs has ranged from 58 to 100%. As experience with embolization techniques broadens, morbidity and mortality is reduced. The clinical features, diagnostic procedures, therapeutic options, and complications of treatment of CCSFs are discussed.