Abiotic mediation of common ions on the co-exposure of CeO NPs with Sb (III) or Sb (V) to Glycine max (Linn.) Merrill. (Soybean): Impacts on uptake, accumulation and physiochemical characters.

With the most active Sb mines, the "dominance" on Sb production of China lead to increasingly release and omnipresence of Sb in environment through mining activities as well as the life cycle of Sb-containing productions. The introduction of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) accidentally or intentionally (such as NP-containing sludge as fertilizer) might increase the probability of co-exposed with Sb to plants. In this study, CeO NPs, one of the most widely used nanomaterials in industries with potential oxidizing or reducing properties, was selected and co-exposed with Sb (III) or Sb (V) to investigate their mutual effects on uptake, accumulation and physiological effects in soybeans. The results showed that CeO NPs increased the Sb (III) and Sb (V) concentrations in roots by 36.7% and 14.0% respectively, while Sb (III) and Sb (V) inhibited the concentration of Ce in roots by 97.1% and 86.9% respectively. In addition, the impacts of extra common ions (Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn) on the fate of Ce and Sb in soybeans in co-exposure of CeO NPs with Sb were investigated as well. Mn and Fe increased the accumulations of Ce and Sb (III) in the co-exposure of CeO NPs with Sb (III), but reduced that in the co-exposure of CeO NPs with Sb (V). Notably, the addition of Cu and Zn consistently increased the uptake and accumulation of Ce and Sb in the co-exposure treatments. Moreover, the effects of Sb on the dissolved portion of CeO NPs in soybean roots were also investigated. This study provided a perspective that extra ingredient (mineral elements, organic element or other nutrients) might regulated the interactions in ENPs-heavy metals-plants system which need further explorations.