Bio-inspired multimodal 3D endoscope for image-guided and robotic surgery.

Image-guided and robotic surgery based on endoscopic imaging technologies can enhance cancer treatment by ideally removing all cancerous tissue and avoiding iatrogenic damage to healthy tissue. Surgeons evaluate the tumor margins at the cost of impeding surgical workflow or working with dimmed surgical illumination, since current endoscopic imaging systems cannot simultaneous and real-time color and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging under normal surgical illumination. To overcome this problem, a bio-inspired multimodal 3D endoscope combining the excellent characteristics of human eyes and compound eyes of mantis shrimp is proposed. This 3D endoscope, which achieves simultaneous and real-time imaging of three-dimensional stereoscopic, color, and NIR fluorescence, consists of three parts: a broad-band binocular optical system like as human eye, an optical relay system, and a multiband sensor inspired by the mantis shrimp's compound eye. By introducing an optical relay system, the two sub-images after the broad-band binocular optical system can be projected onto one and the same multiband sensor. A series of experiments demonstrate that this bio-inspired multimodal 3D endoscope not only provides surgeons with real-time feedback on the location of tumor tissue and lymph nodes but also creates an immersive experience for surgeons without impeding surgical workflow. Its excellent characteristics and good scalability can promote the further development and application of image-guided and robotic surgery.