Geological Survey of India, Western Region, Jaipur 302004, India.
Department of Geology, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur 440001, India.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Jan 15;208:111548. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111548. Epub 2020 Nov 11.
In order to understand the pollution status of groundwater with geochemical evolution and appraisal of its probable public health risk due to nitrate (NO) and fluoride (F), a total of 93 groundwater samples were collected during pre-monsoon (May) period from Wardha sub-basin, central India. By employing Piper plot, transition from Ca-HCO type water (recharge waters) to Na-Cl (saline water) type water through mixed Ca-Na-HCO, mixed Ca-Mg-Cl (reverse ion exchange waters) and Ca-Cl types (leachate waters), were observed. The Geogenic processes such as silicate, dolomite, halite and carbonate weathering along with calcite precipitation and ion exchange process were identified as major controlling factors for evolution and alteration of groundwater chemistry. The Saturation index highlighted that the groundwater in the area is oversaturated with respect to the mineral calcite and dolomite, and under saturated with gypsum, fluorite and halite. The high NO and F concentration overpassing the permissible limit were found in 54.8% and 18.5% of samples. The plot of F with Na/Ca, Na/Mg and F/Cl established fluoride bearing rock weathering is responsible for F contamination. Based on the cluster analysis, the groundwater was grouped into Cluster-I Ca-Na-HCO type (61.3%) and Cluster-II Na-Ca-HCO-Cl type (30.1%). The total hazard index (HI) based on human health risk assessment (HHRA) model for cumulative NO and F toxicity through oral and dermal pathways were computed as 100%, 97.85% and 96.77% for children, female and male populations respectively. The HQ > 1 through ingestion pathway were in 84.95%, 68.82% and 62.37%, and HQ > 1 in 83.87%, 62.37% and 43.01% of the groundwater samples were recorded for children, female and male population respectively. The risk assessment study highlighted very high toxicity and severe health impact of ingestion of contaminated groundwater on public health.
为了了解地下水的污染状况以及硝酸盐（NO）和氟化物（F）的地球化学演化和可能的公共健康风险评估，我们在印度中部的沃德哈次盆地，于前季风期（5 月）采集了总共 93 个地下水样本。通过使用 Piper 图，我们观察到地下水从 Ca-HCO 型水（补给水）通过混合 Ca-Na-HCO、混合 Ca-Mg-Cl（反向离子交换水）和 Ca-Cl 型水（淋滤水）过渡到 Na-Cl（盐水）型水。硅酸盐、白云石、岩盐和碳酸盐风化以及方解石沉淀和离子交换过程等地球化学过程被确定为控制地下水化学演化和变化的主要因素。饱和度指数表明，该地区的地下水相对于矿物方解石和白云石过饱和，而相对于石膏、萤石和岩盐不饱和。发现 54.8%和 18.5%的样本中 NO 和 F 浓度超过了允许限值。F 与 Na/Ca、Na/Mg 和 F/Cl 的关系表明，含氟岩石的风化是 F 污染的原因。基于聚类分析，将地下水分为第一类 Ca-Na-HCO 型（61.3%）和第二类 Na-Ca-HCO-Cl 型（30.1%）。基于人类健康风险评估（HHRA）模型，对通过口服和皮肤途径摄入累积的 NO 和 F 毒性的总危害指数（HI）进行计算，儿童、女性和男性人群的 HI 值分别为 100%、97.85%和 96.77%。通过摄入途径，HQ > 1 的比例分别为 84.95%、68.82%和 62.37%，而 HQ > 1 的地下水样本比例分别为 83.87%、62.37%和 43.01%，分别为儿童、女性和男性人群。风险评估研究表明，受污染地下水的摄入对公众健康具有极高的毒性和严重的健康影响。
