Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Ecological Science. Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Chemosphere. 2021 May;270:129433. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129433. Epub 2020 Dec 26.
Toxicokinetics information is key to understanding the underlying intoxication processes, although this is often lacking. Hence, in the present study the toxicokinetics of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) was assessed in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. The animals were exposed in LUFA 2.2 natural soil spiked to the estimated EC for reproduction effects in the Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (ERT), i.e. 80 mg Cu/kg soil Dry Weight (DW) and 20 mg Cd/kg soil DW. Tests followed the OECD guideline 317, including a 14-day uptake phase in spiked soil followed by 14 days elimination in clean soil, with samplings at days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14. Exposure to Cu showed fast uptake, reaching a steady state after approx. 7 days, whereas for Cd, internal concentration increased and did not reach a clear steady state even after 14 days. When transferred to clean soil, Cu was rapidly eliminated returning to initial levels, while Cd-exposed animals still contained increased residue levels after 14 days. These differences in toxicokinetics have consequences for the toxicity and toxicodynamics and are indicative of the way essential and non-essential elements are handled by enchytraeids, likely also other soil invertebrates. This argues for the relevancy of longer exposure testing for elements like Cd compared to Cu, where phenotypical effects can well occur later at non-tested periods, e.g. after the 21 days' duration of the standard ERT using E. crypticus.
毒代动力学信息是理解潜在中毒过程的关键,尽管这通常是缺乏的。因此,在本研究中,评估了土壤无脊椎动物真涡虫(Enchytraeus crypticus)中的铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)的毒代动力学。动物在 LUFA 2.2 天然土壤中暴露于估计对真涡虫繁殖试验(ERT)有生殖效应的 EC,即 80mg Cu/kg 土壤干重(DW)和 20mg Cd/kg 土壤 DW。测试遵循 OECD 指南 317,包括在加标土壤中的 14 天摄取阶段,然后在清洁土壤中进行 14 天消除,在第 0、1、2、4、7、10 和 14 天进行采样。暴露于 Cu 表现出快速摄取,在大约 7 天后达到稳定状态,而对于 Cd,内部浓度增加,甚至在 14 天后也未达到明确的稳定状态。当转移到清洁土壤时,Cu 迅速消除,恢复到初始水平,而暴露于 Cd 的动物在 14 天后仍含有增加的残留水平。这些毒代动力学差异对毒性和毒动学有影响,并表明必需和非必需元素被真涡虫处理的方式,可能也包括其他土壤无脊椎动物。这表明对于像 Cd 这样的元素,与 Cu 相比,进行更长时间的暴露测试是相关的,在非测试期间,例如在使用真涡虫的标准 ERT 的 21 天持续时间之后,可能会出现表型效应。
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