Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Nature. 2021 Feb;590(7845):338-343. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-03121-7. Epub 2021 Jan 13.
RAG endonuclease initiates Igh V(D)J recombination in progenitor B cells by binding a J-recombination signal sequence (RSS) within a recombination centre (RC) and then linearly scanning upstream chromatin, presented by loop extrusion mediated by cohesin, for convergent D-RSSs. The utilization of convergently oriented RSSs and cryptic RSSs is intrinsic to long-range RAG scanning. Scanning of RAG from the DJ-RC-RSS to upstream convergent V-RSSs is impeded by D-proximal CTCF-binding elements (CBEs). Primary progenitor B cells undergo a mechanistically undefined contraction of the V locus that is proposed to provide distal Vs access to the DJ-RC. Here we report that an inversion of the entire 2.4-Mb V locus in mouse primary progenitor B cells abrogates rearrangement of both V-RSSs and normally convergent cryptic RSSs, even though locus contraction still occurs. In addition, this inversion activated both the utilization of cryptic V-RSSs that are normally in opposite orientation and RAG scanning beyond the V locus through several convergent CBE domains to the telomere. Together, these findings imply that broad deregulation of CBE impediments in primary progenitor B cells promotes RAG scanning of the V locus mediated by loop extrusion. We further found that the expression of wings apart-like protein homologue (WAPL), a cohesin-unloading factor, was low in primary progenitor B cells compared with v-Abl-transformed progenitor B cell lines that lacked contraction and RAG scanning of the V locus. Correspondingly, depletion of WAPL in v-Abl-transformed lines activated both processes, further implicating loop extrusion in the locus contraction mechanism.
RAG 内切酶通过结合重组中心 (RC) 内的 J 重组信号序列 (RSS),然后在线性扫描由黏合蛋白介导的环挤出上游染色质,以寻找收敛的 D-RSS,从而启动祖 B 细胞中的 Igh V(D)J 重组。收敛 RSS 和隐匿 RSS 的利用是长距离 RAG 扫描的固有特性。从 DJ-RC-RSS 到上游收敛 V-RSS 的 RAG 扫描受到 D 近端 CTCF 结合元件 (CBE) 的阻碍。主要祖 B 细胞经历了 V 基因座的机制上未定义的收缩,据推测,这种收缩为 DJ-RC 提供了对远端 Vs 的访问。在这里,我们报告在小鼠主要祖 B 细胞中整个 2.4Mb V 基因座的倒位消除了 V-RSS 和正常收敛的隐匿 RSS 的重排,尽管基因座收缩仍然发生。此外,这种倒位激活了隐匿 V-RSS 的利用,这些 RSS 通常处于相反的方向,并且 RAG 扫描通过几个收敛的 CBE 域超越 V 基因座到端粒。总之,这些发现表明主要祖 B 细胞中 CBE 障碍的广泛调节促进了环挤出介导的 V 基因座的 RAG 扫描。我们还发现,与缺乏收缩和 V 基因座 RAG 扫描的 v-Abl 转化祖 B 细胞系相比,WAPL(一种黏合蛋白卸载因子)在主要祖 B 细胞中的表达较低。相应地,v-Abl 转化系中 WAPL 的耗竭激活了这两个过程,进一步表明环挤出参与了基因座收缩机制。