Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Center for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,
Ophthalmic Res. 2021;64(3):345-355. doi: 10.1159/000514441. Epub 2021 Jan 15.
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) play a crucial role in the visual pathway. As their axons form the optic nerve, apoptosis of these cells causes neurodegenerative vision loss. RGC death could be triggered by increased intraocular pressure, advanced glycation end products, or mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the role of some neuroprotective factors in RGC injury: ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, pigment epithelium-derived factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and Norrin. Each, in their own unique way, prevents RGC damage caused by glaucoma, ocular hypertension, ischemic neuropathy, and even oxygen-induced retinopathy. These factors are produced mainly by neurons, leukocytes, glial cells, and epithelial cells. Neuroprotective factors act via various signaling pathways, including JAK/STAT, MAPK, TrkA, and TrkB, which promotes RGC survival. Many attempts have been made to develop therapeutic strategies using these factors. There are ongoing clinical trials with CNTF and NGF, but they have not yet been accepted for clinical use.
视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）在视觉通路中起着至关重要的作用。由于它们的轴突构成视神经，这些细胞的凋亡会导致神经退行性视力丧失。RGC 死亡可能是由眼内压升高、晚期糖基化终产物或线粒体功能障碍引发的。在这篇综述中，我们总结了一些神经营养因子在 RGC 损伤中的作用：睫状神经营养因子（CNTF）、神经生长因子（NGF）、脑源性神经营养因子、血管内皮生长因子、色素上皮衍生因子、胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子和 Norrin。每种因子都以其独特的方式防止青光眼、高眼压、缺血性神经病甚至氧诱导性视网膜病变引起的 RGC 损伤。这些因子主要由神经元、白细胞、神经胶质细胞和上皮细胞产生。神经营养因子通过各种信号通路发挥作用，包括 JAK/STAT、MAPK、TrkA 和 TrkB，这些通路促进 RGC 的存活。已经有许多尝试使用这些因子来开发治疗策略。目前正在进行 CNTF 和 NGF 的临床试验，但尚未被接受用于临床使用。
