Tracing the ionic evolution during ILG induced phase transformation in strontium cobaltite thin films.

Ionic liquid gating (ILG) that drives the ions incorporate into or extract from the crystal lattice, has emerged as a new pathway to design materials. Although many intriguing emergent phenomena, novel physical properties and functionalities have been obtained, the gating mechanism governing the ion and charge transport remains unexplored. Here, by using the model system of brownmillerite SrCoO and the corresponding electric-field controlled tri-state phase transformation among the pristine SrCoO, hydrogenated HSrCoO and oxidized perovskite SrCoO through the dual ion switch, the ionic diffusion and electronic transport processes were carefully investigated. Through controlling gating experiment by design, we find out that the collaborative interaction between charge transport and ion diffusion plays an essential role to prompt the hydrogen or oxygen ions incorporate into the crystal lattice of SrCoO, and therefore leading to formation of new phases. At region closer to the electrode, the electron can shuttle more readily in (out) the material, correspondingly the incorporation of hydrogen (oxygen) ions and phase transformation is largely affiliated. With the compensated charge of electron as well as the reaction front gradually moving away from the electrode, the new phases would be developed successively across the entire thin film. This result unveils the underlying mechanism in the electric-field control of ionic incorporation and extraction, and therefore provides important strategy to achieve high efficient design of material functionalities in complex oxide materials.