Malagoli Leo Ramos, Pezzuti Tiago Leite, Bang Davi Lee, Faivovich Julián, Lyra Mariana Lúcio, Giovanelli João Gabriel Ribeiro, Garcia Paulo Christiano de Anchietta, Sawaya Ricardo Jannini, Haddad Célio Fernando Baptista
Núcleo São Sebastião, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Fundação para a Conservação e a Produção Florestal do Estado de São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil.
Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
PLoS One. 2021 Feb 17;16(2):e0246401. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246401. eCollection 2021.
Anurans have the greatest diversity of reproductive modes among tetrapod vertebrates, with at least 41 being currently recognized. We describe a new reproductive mode for anurans, as exhibited by the Paranapiacaba Treefrog, Bokermannohyla astartea, an endemic and poorly known species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest belonging to the B. circumdata group. We also describe other aspects of its reproductive biology, that are relevant to understanding the new reproductive mode, such as courtship behavior, spawning, and tadpoles. Additionally, we redescribe its advertisement call and extend its vocal repertoire by describing three additional call types: courtship, amplectant, and presumed territorial. The new reproductive mode exhibited by B. astartea consists of: (1) deposition of aquatic eggs in leaf-tanks of terrestrial or epiphytic bromeliads located on or over the banks of temporary or permanent streams; (2) exotrophic tadpoles remain in the leaf-tanks during initial stages of development (until Gosner stage 26), after which they presumably jump or are transported to streams after heavy rains that flood their bromeliad tanks; and (3) tadpole development completes in streams. The tadpoles of B. astartea are similar to those of other species of the B. circumdata group, although with differences in the spiracle, eyes, and oral disc. The vocal repertoire of B. astartea exhibits previously unreported acoustic complexity for the genus. Bokermannohyla astartea is the only bromeligenous species known to date among the 187 known species within the tribe Cophomantini. We further discuss evolutionary hypotheses for the origin of this novel reproductive mode.
无尾目动物在四足脊椎动物中具有最为多样的繁殖方式，目前已确认的至少有41种。我们描述了一种无尾目动物的新繁殖方式，其由帕拉纳皮亚卡巴树蛙（Bokermannohyla astartea）所展现，这是一种巴西大西洋森林特有的、鲜为人知的物种，属于环纹蛙类群。我们还描述了其繁殖生物学的其他方面，这些方面与理解这种新繁殖方式相关，比如求偶行为、产卵和蝌蚪。此外，我们重新描述了它的广告鸣叫，并通过描述另外三种鸣叫类型（求偶、抱对和推测的领域性鸣叫）来扩展其发声曲目。B. astartea所展现的新繁殖方式包括：（1）将水生卵产在位于临时或永久性溪流岸边或上方的陆生或附生凤梨科植物的叶腋中；（2）异养蝌蚪在发育初期（直到戈斯纳26期）留在叶腋中，之后它们可能在大雨淹没其凤梨科植物叶腋后跳跃或被冲到溪流中；（3）蝌蚪在溪流中完成发育。B. astartea的蝌蚪与环纹蛙类群的其他物种相似，尽管在气门、眼睛和口盘方面存在差异。B. astartea的发声曲目展现出该属此前未报道过的声学复杂性。在叶蛙族已知的187个物种中，帕拉纳皮亚卡巴树蛙是迄今为止唯一已知的凤梨科栖息物种。我们进一步讨论了这种新繁殖方式起源的进化假说。
