Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
Redox Biol. 2021 May;41:101916. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101916. Epub 2021 Feb 24.
Zinc and cellular oxidants such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) each participate in a multitude of physiological functions. There is considerable overlap between the affected events, including signal transduction. While there is no obvious direct connection between zinc and ROS, mainly because the bivalent cation zinc does not change its oxidation state in biological systems, these are linked by their interaction with sulfur, forming the remarkable triad of zinc, ROS, and protein thiols. First, zinc binds to reduced thiols and can be released upon oxidation. Thereby, redox signals are translated into changes in the free zinc concentration, which can act as zinc signals. Second, zinc affects oxidation of thiols in several ways, directly as well as indirectly. A protein incorporating many of these interactions is metallothionein (MT), which is rich in cysteine and capable of binding up to seven zinc ions in its fully reduced state. Zinc binding is diminished after (partial) oxidation, while thiols show increased reactivity in the absence of bound metal ions. Adding still more complexity, the MT promoter is controlled by zinc (via metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1)) as well as redox (via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)). Many signaling cascades that are important for cell proliferation or apoptosis contain protein thiols, acting as centers for crosstalk between zinc- and redox-signaling. A prominent example for shared molecular targets for zinc and ROS are active site cysteine thiols in protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP), their activity being downregulated by oxidation as well as zinc binding. Because zinc binding also protects PTP thiols form irreversible oxidation, there is a multi-faceted reciprocal interaction, illustrating that zinc- and redox-signaling are intricately linked on multiple levels.
锌和细胞氧化剂,如活性氧(ROS),各自参与多种生理功能。受影响的事件之间存在相当大的重叠,包括信号转导。虽然锌和 ROS 之间没有明显的直接联系,主要是因为二价阳离子锌在生物系统中不会改变其氧化态,但它们通过与硫的相互作用而联系在一起,形成了显著的锌、ROS 和蛋白巯基三价体。首先,锌与还原的巯基结合,并可在氧化时释放。因此,氧化还原信号被转化为游离锌浓度的变化,后者可以作为锌信号。其次,锌通过几种方式影响巯基的氧化,直接和间接的方式都有。一种包含许多这些相互作用的蛋白质是金属硫蛋白(MT),它富含半胱氨酸,在其完全还原状态下能够结合多达七个锌离子。锌结合在(部分)氧化后减少,而在没有结合金属离子的情况下,巯基的反应性增加。增加更多的复杂性,MT 的启动子受锌(通过金属调节转录因子 1(MTF-1))以及氧化还原(通过核因子红细胞 2 相关因子 2(NRF2))的控制。许多对细胞增殖或细胞凋亡很重要的信号级联包含蛋白巯基,作为锌和氧化还原信号之间串扰的中心。锌和 ROS 的共同分子靶标是蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTP)的活性位点半胱氨酸巯基,其活性受到氧化和锌结合的下调。由于锌结合还可以保护 PTP 巯基免受不可逆氧化,因此存在一种多方面的相互作用,表明锌和氧化还原信号在多个层面上紧密相连。