Yan Luoheng, He Yuyao, Huangfu Zhongmin
School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
College of Information Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
Sensors (Basel). 2021 Feb 15;21(4):1368. doi: 10.3390/s21041368.
The underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have been applied in lots of fields such as environment monitoring, military surveillance, data collection, etc. Deployment of sensor nodes in 3D UWSNs is a crucial issue, however, it is a challenging problem due to the complex underwater environment. This paper proposes a growth ring style uneven node depth-adjustment self-deployment optimization algorithm (GRSUNDSOA) to improve the coverage and reliability of UWSNs, meanwhile, and to solve the problem of energy holes. In detail, a growth ring style-based scheme is proposed for constructing the connective tree structure of sensor nodes and a global optimal depth-adjustment algorithm with the goal of comprehensive optimization of both maximizing coverage utilization and energy balance is proposed. Initially, the nodes are scattered to the water surface to form a connected network on this 2D plane. Then, starting from sink node, a growth ring style increment strategy is presented to organize the common nodes as tree structures and each root of subtree is determined. Meanwhile, with the goal of global maximizing coverage utilization and energy balance, all nodes depths are computed iteratively. Finally, all the nodes dive to the computed position once and a 3D underwater connected network with non-uniform distribution and balanced energy is constructed. A series of simulation experiments are performed. The simulation results show that the coverage and reliability of UWSN are improved greatly under the condition of full connectivity and energy balance, and the issue of energy hole can be avoided effectively. Therefore, GRSUNDSOA can prolong the lifetime of UWSN significantly.
水下无线传感器网络（UWSNs）已被应用于环境监测、军事侦察、数据收集等众多领域。然而，在三维水下无线传感器网络中部署传感器节点是一个关键问题，由于水下环境复杂，这是一个具有挑战性的难题。本文提出一种生长环式不均匀节点深度调整自部署优化算法（GRSUNDSOA），以提高水下无线传感器网络的覆盖范围和可靠性，同时解决能量空洞问题。具体而言，提出一种基于生长环式的方案来构建传感器节点的连接树结构，并提出一种全局最优深度调整算法，目标是综合优化覆盖利用率最大化和能量平衡。首先，将节点散布到水面，在这个二维平面上形成一个连接网络。然后，从汇聚节点开始，提出一种生长环式增量策略，将公共节点组织成树结构，并确定每个子树的根节点。同时，以全局覆盖利用率最大化和能量平衡为目标，迭代计算所有节点的深度。最后，所有节点一次性下潜到计算出的位置，构建一个分布不均匀且能量平衡的三维水下连接网络。进行了一系列仿真实验。仿真结果表明，在全连接和能量平衡的条件下，水下无线传感器网络的覆盖范围和可靠性得到了极大提高，并且能够有效避免能量空洞问题。因此，GRSUNDSOA 可以显著延长水下无线传感器网络的寿命。
