Lasa Rodrigo, Williams Trevor
Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
Insects. 2021 Feb 12;12(2):156. doi: 10.3390/insects12020156.
Tephritid fly responses to food-based attractants involve a complex range of food-derived semiochemicals, including ammonia. We performed laboratory and field experiments to compare the attraction of (Macquart) to ammonia with the attraction to commercial food attractants and torula yeast at a range of pHs. A positive correlation was established between the concentration of ammonia in solution (1.5-150 mM ammonium solution) and gaseous ammonia released by bottle-type traps. This resulted in an asymptotic response in captures of flies in traps that released 99-295 µg ammonia/h. Pairwise comparisons in laboratory cages revealed that traps baited with 150 mM ammonia solution captured similar numbers of as traps baited with Biolure 2C, CeraTrap, and hydrolyzed protein products (Captor, Winner, and Flyral) plus borax, despite the low quantities of ammonia (11-56 µg/h) released from these attractants. Subsequent choice experiment captures in traps containing ammonia solution were similar or higher than those of commercial attractants, with the exception of Winner + borax, but were not correlated with the ammonia released from attractants. Captures of flies in traps containing ammonia solution were increased by the addition of 1% torula yeast or torula yeast alkalized with sodium hydroxide or borax despite differences in the quantities of ammonia released. Fly captures generally increased with increasing alkalization of torula yeast (pH 7.5-9.5). In the field, torula yeast in ammonia solution captured similar numbers of flies as Captor + borax when traps were evaluated after 24 h but not after a 7-day trapping period. Traps baited with ammonia solution or Winner + borax were significantly less attractive than Captor + borax in both field experiments. We conclude that flies are attracted to ammonia solutions of increasing concentration, up to 150 mM, in the absence of other stimuli, whereas attraction to commercial attractants or alkalized torula yeast is not correlated with the release of ammonia.
实蝇对基于食物的引诱剂的反应涉及一系列复杂的源自食物的信息素，包括氨。我们进行了实验室和田间试验，以比较（马夸特）对氨的吸引力与在一系列pH值下对商业食物引诱剂和圆酵母的吸引力。溶液中氨的浓度（1.5 - 150 mM铵溶液）与瓶式诱捕器释放的气态氨之间建立了正相关。这导致在释放99 - 295 µg氨/小时的诱捕器中捕获实蝇的数量出现渐近反应。在实验室笼子中的成对比较显示，用150 mM氨溶液诱饵的诱捕器捕获的实蝇数量与用Biolure 2C、CeraTrap和水解蛋白产品（Captor、Winner和Flyral）加硼砂诱饵的诱捕器相似，尽管这些引诱剂释放的氨量很低（11 - 56 µg/小时）。随后在含有氨溶液的诱捕器中的选择试验捕获量与商业引诱剂相似或更高，除了Winner +硼砂，但与引诱剂释放的氨无关。尽管释放的氨量不同，但通过添加1%的圆酵母或用氢氧化钠或硼砂碱化的圆酵母，含有氨溶液的诱捕器中实蝇的捕获量增加。随着圆酵母碱化程度的增加（pH 7.5 - 9.5），实蝇捕获量通常会增加。在田间，当诱捕器在24小时后评估时，氨溶液中的圆酵母捕获的实蝇数量与Captor +硼砂相似，但在7天的诱捕期后则不然。在两个田间试验中，用氨溶液或Winner +硼砂诱饵的诱捕器的吸引力明显低于Captor +硼砂。我们得出结论，在没有其他刺激的情况下，实蝇会被浓度高达150 mM的氨溶液吸引，而对商业引诱剂或碱化圆酵母的吸引力与氨的释放无关。
