Meachon Emily J, Meyer Marcel, Wilmut Kate, Zemp Martina, Alpers Georg W
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Mar 11;15:629479. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.629479. eCollection 2021.
Developmental Coordination Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder are unique neurodevelopmental disorders with overlaps in executive functions and motor control. The conditions co-occur in up to 50% of cases, raising questions of the pathological mechanisms of DCD versus ADHD. Few studies have examined these overlaps in adults with DCD and/or ADHD. Therefore, to provide insights about executive functions and motor control between adults with DCD, ADHD, both conditions (DCD + ADHD), or typically developed controls, this study used a stop-signal task and parallel EEG measurement. We assessed executive performance via go accuracy and go reaction time, as well as motor response inhibition via stop-signal reaction time. This was complemented with analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs). Based on existing investigations of adults with DCD or ADHD, we expected (1) groups would not differ in behavioral performance on stop and go trials, but (2) differences in ERPs, particularly in components N200 (index of cognitive control) and P300 (index of attention and inhibition) would be evident. The sample included = 50 adults with DCD ( = 12), ADHD ( = 9), DCD + ADHD ( = 7), and control participants ( = 22). We replicated that there were no between-group differences for behavioral-level executive performance and motor response inhibition. However, on a physiological level, ERP components N200 and P300 differed between groups, particularly during successful response inhibition. These ERPs reflect potential endophenotypic differences not evident in overt behavior of participants with ADHD and/or DCD. This suggests a disorder specific employment of inhibition or general executive functions in groups of adults with DCD, DCD + ADHD, ADHD, or control participants.
发育协调障碍和注意力缺陷/多动障碍是独特的神经发育障碍，在执行功能和运动控制方面存在重叠。这两种病症在高达50%的病例中同时出现，引发了关于发育协调障碍与注意力缺陷多动障碍病理机制的问题。很少有研究考察患有发育协调障碍和/或注意力缺陷多动障碍的成年人中的这些重叠情况。因此，为了深入了解患有发育协调障碍、注意力缺陷多动障碍、两种病症都有的成年人（发育协调障碍+注意力缺陷多动障碍）或发育正常的对照组之间的执行功能和运动控制情况，本研究使用了停止信号任务和同步脑电图测量。我们通过执行准确性和执行反应时间评估执行表现，以及通过停止信号反应时间评估运动反应抑制。这通过对事件相关电位（ERP）的分析得到补充。基于对患有发育协调障碍或注意力缺陷多动障碍的成年人的现有研究，我们预期：（1）在停止和执行试验的行为表现上，各组之间不会有差异，但（2）事件相关电位会有差异，特别是在认知控制指标N200和注意力及抑制指标P300的成分上会很明显。样本包括50名成年人，其中患有发育协调障碍的有12人，患有注意力缺陷多动障碍的有9人，患有发育协调障碍+注意力缺陷多动障碍的有7人，以及对照组参与者22人。我们再次发现，在行为水平的执行表现和运动反应抑制方面，组间没有差异。然而，在生理水平上，事件相关电位成分N200和P300在组间存在差异，特别是在成功的反应抑制过程中。这些事件相关电位反映了在患有注意力缺陷多动障碍和/或发育协调障碍的参与者的明显行为中不明显的潜在内表型差异。这表明在患有发育协调障碍(DCD)、发育协调障碍+注意力缺陷多动障碍、注意力缺陷多动障碍或对照组参与者的成年人组中，存在针对特定障碍的抑制或一般执行功能的运用。
