School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2021 Mar;43(2):176-186. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2021.1898549. Epub 2021 Mar 27.
Although impaired time perception is associated with significant disturbance in the everyday functioning of adult patients with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), it is not very well studied. The present study aimed to evaluate both visual and auditory time reproduction (TR) by using eight time intervals in adult ADHD patients compared to healthy controls (HC). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-R (WAIS-R), Adult Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Hyperfocusing Scale (HS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a 2-back task were administered to participants. In TR tasks, participants reproduced the same duration of the auditory/visual stimulus by pressing a key and absolute discrepancy scores (ADS) were calculated. A 2 (Group) x 2 (Task Modality) x 8 (Time Interval: 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 12000 and 16000 msec) mixed-design ANOVA was performed. All clinical scores of ADHD group were higher than HC (p < .001) while WAIS-R and 2-back performances of the groups were similar. Mixed-design ANOVA yielded significant Group and Time Interval main effects as well as a Group X Time Interval effect (both p < .001). ADHD patients had larger ADS than HC and as time intervals increased, error levels increased. Errors for time intervals >8000 msec were more prominent in patients. For both TR tasks, ASRS-hyperactivity/impulsivity scores were the main predictor of ADS in the linear regression analysis, while ASRS-attention deficit and HS scores were excluded. Results of the present study indicate significant TR impairment in adult ADHD regardless of task modality (visual or auditory), depressive symptoms and working memory performances. Longer time intervals in TR tasks differentiated patients better and TR impairment was associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity. These findings should be replicated in larger samples and underlying neurobiological components of impaired TR need to be examined in future research.
尽管时间感知受损与成人注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患者的日常功能显著障碍有关，但目前对此研究还不够充分。本研究旨在通过使用 8 个时间间隔，评估成年 ADHD 患者与健康对照组（HC）的视觉和听觉时间复制（TR）。参与者接受了韦氏成人智力量表-R（WAIS-R）、成人注意力缺陷多动障碍自评量表（ASRS）、Wender Utah 评定量表（WURS）、专注量表（HS）、贝克抑郁量表（BDI）和 2-back 任务。在 TR 任务中，参与者通过按键盘来复制相同时长的听觉/视觉刺激，并计算绝对差异得分（ADS）。采用 2（组）x2（任务模态）x8（时间间隔：500、1000、2000、4000、6000、8000、12000 和 16000 毫秒）混合设计方差分析。 ADHD 组的所有临床评分均高于 HC（p<0.001），而两组的 WAIS-R 和 2-back 表现相似。混合设计方差分析得出了显著的组间和时间间隔主效应，以及组间和时间间隔的交互作用（均 p<0.001）。ADHD 患者的 ADS 大于 HC，随着时间间隔的增加，错误水平增加。对于>8000 毫秒的时间间隔，患者的错误更为明显。对于两种 TR 任务，线性回归分析显示 ASRS-多动/冲动评分是 ADS 的主要预测因子，而 ASRS-注意缺陷和 HS 评分则被排除在外。本研究结果表明，无论任务模态（视觉或听觉）、抑郁症状和工作记忆表现如何，成人 ADHD 患者均存在明显的 TR 损伤。TR 任务中较长的时间间隔可以更好地区分患者，TR 损伤与多动/冲动有关。这些发现需要在更大的样本中进行复制，并且需要在未来的研究中检查受损 TR 的潜在神经生物学成分。
