Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
J Inherit Metab Dis. 2021 Jul;44(4):961-971. doi: 10.1002/jimd.12391. Epub 2021 May 4.
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a rare metabolic disease caused by mutations within the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene. Previous studies have reported increased levels of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) in symptomatic AIP patients. In this study, we present long-term data for tHcy and related parameters for an AIP patient cohort (n = 37) in different clinical disease-states. In total, 25 patients (68%) presented with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy; tHcy > 15 μmol/L) during the observation period. HHcy was more frequent in AIP patients with recurrent disease receiving heme arginate, than in nonrecurrent (median tHcy: 21.6 μmol/L; range: 10-129 vs median tHcy: 14.5 μmol/L; range 6-77). Long-term serial analyses showed a high within-person tHcy variation, especially among the recurrent patients (coefficient of variation: 16.4%-78.8%). HHcy was frequently associated with low blood concentrations of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and folate, while cobalamin concentration and the allele distribution of the methylene-tetrahydrofolate-reductase gene were normal. Strikingly, 6 out of the 9 recurrent patients who were later included in a regime of givosiran, a small-interfering RNA that effectively reduced recurrent attacks, showed further increased tHcy (median tHcy in 9 patients: 105 μmol/L; range 16-212). Screening of amino acids in plasma by liquid-chromatography showed co-increased levels of methionine (median 71 μmol/L; range 23-616; normal <40), suggestive of acquired deficiency of cystathionine-β-synthase. The kynunerine/tryptophan ratio in plasma was, however, normal, indicating a regular metabolism of tryptophan by heme-dependent enzymes. In conclusion, even if HHcy was observed in AIP patients receiving heme arginate, givosiran induced an aggravation of the dysregulation, causing a co-increase of tHcy and methionine resembling classic homocystinuria.
急性间歇性血卟啉病(AIP)是一种由羟甲基胆素合酶基因内突变引起的罕见代谢性疾病。先前的研究报告称,有症状的 AIP 患者血浆总同型半胱氨酸(tHcy)水平升高。在这项研究中,我们为 AIP 患者队列(n=37)的不同临床疾病状态呈现了 tHcy 和相关参数的长期数据。在观察期间,共有 25 名患者(68%)表现出高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy;tHcy>15μmol/L)。接受精氨酸血红素治疗的复发性疾病 AIP 患者中 HHcy 更为频繁,而非复发性疾病(中位数 tHcy:21.6μmol/L;范围:10-129 与中位数 tHcy:14.5μmol/L;范围 6-77)。长期的系列分析显示,tHcy 的个体内变异性很高,尤其是在复发性患者中(变异系数:16.4%-78.8%)。HHcy 常伴有吡啶醛 5'-磷酸和叶酸的血浓度降低,而钴胺素浓度和亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因的等位基因分布正常。值得注意的是,在后来接受小干扰 RNA 吉维森兰治疗的 9 名复发性患者中,有 6 名患者的 tHcy 进一步升高(9 名患者的中位数 tHcy:105μmol/L;范围 16-212)。通过液相色谱法对血浆中的氨基酸进行筛查显示,蛋氨酸水平共同升高(中位数 71μmol/L;范围 23-616;正常值<40),提示获得性胱硫醚-β-合酶缺乏。然而,血浆中犬尿氨酸/色氨酸比值正常,表明血红素依赖性酶对色氨酸的代谢正常。总之,即使在接受精氨酸血红素治疗的 AIP 患者中观察到 HHcy,吉维森兰也会加重这种失调,导致 tHcy 和蛋氨酸的共同升高,类似于经典的同型胱氨酸尿症。
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