Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
Siza Location's Koonings Jaght, 6816TK Arnhem, The Netherlands.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 14;18(8):4161. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084161.
Moderately-late preterm-born children (MLPs, 32-36 weeks gestational age, GA) have poorer executive functioning (EF) at primary school age than full-term children (FTs). Evidence is lacking on their EF in adolescence, but for early preterm-born children, this has been shown to be much poorer. We, therefore, compared EF of MLPs and FTs at ages 11 and 19 and assessed development between these ages. We obtained data from TRAILS, a community-based prospective cohort study in the northern Netherlands, on 98 MLPs and 1832 FTs. We assessed EF by the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks (ANT) at ages 11 and 19 years and computed gender-specific z-scores on reaction time and accuracy. We compared baseline speed, pattern search, working memory, sustained attention, inhibition, and attentional flexibility of MLPs and FTs crude, and adjusted for small-for-GA status, socioeconomic status, and estimated intelligence. MLPs and FTs performed similarly on all EF components at ages 11 and 19, except for the speed, but not the accuracy measure of attentional flexibility. This was slightly poorer for MLPs than FTs at age 19 (adjusted B 0.25; 95% confidence interval: 0.00 to 0.50; = 0.047), but not at age 11 (adjusted B -0.02; -0.19 to 0.22; = 0.87). Differences in EF between MLPs and FTs did not change significantly from age 11 to 19. MLPs had comparable EF on most components as FTs, with only attentional flexibility at age 19 developing slightly poorer for MLPs than for FTs. These findings suggest the effects of MLP birth on long-term EF to be small.
中度早产儿（MLP，32-36 周胎龄）在小学年龄时的执行功能（EF）比足月儿（FT）差。关于他们在青春期的 EF 证据尚缺乏，但对于早期早产儿来说，EF 已经被证明要差得多。因此，我们比较了 MLP 和 FT 在 11 岁和 19 岁时的 EF，并评估了这些年龄之间的发展情况。我们从荷兰北部的一项基于社区的前瞻性队列研究 TRAILS 中获得了数据，其中包括 98 名 MLP 和 1832 名 FT。我们在 11 岁和 19 岁时使用阿姆斯特丹神经心理学任务（ANT）评估 EF，并计算了反应时间和准确性的性别特异性 z 分数。我们比较了 MLP 和 FT 的基线速度、模式搜索、工作记忆、持续注意力、抑制和注意力灵活性，未调整和调整了胎龄小、社会经济地位和估计智力等因素。除了注意力灵活性的速度测量外，MLP 和 FT 在 11 岁和 19 岁时的所有 EF 成分上表现相似。在 19 岁时，MLP 的速度稍慢，但准确性测量与 FT 相似（调整后 B 0.25；95%置信区间：0.00 至 0.50； = 0.047），但在 11 岁时并非如此（调整后 B -0.02；-0.19 至 0.22； = 0.87）。从 11 岁到 19 岁，EF 之间的差异没有明显变化。MLP 在大多数成分上的 EF 与 FT 相当，只有在 19 岁时的注意力灵活性对 MLP 的发展略差于 FT。这些发现表明，MPL 出生对长期 EF 的影响很小。
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