Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel imidazole-chalcone derivatives as potential anticancer agents and tubulin polymerization inhibitors.

Novel imidazole-chalcone derivatives were designed and synthesized as tubulin polymerization inhibitors and anticancer agents. The antiproliferative activity of the imidazole-chalcone was assessed on some human cancer cell lines including A549 (adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells), MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells), MCF-7/MX (mitoxantrone resistant human breast cancer cells), and HEPG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma cells). Generally, the imidazole-chalcone derivatives exhibited more cytotoxicity on A549 cancer cells in comparison to the other three cell lines, among them compounds 9j' and 9g showed significant cytotoxicity with IC values ranging from 7.05 to 63.43 μM against all the four human cancer cells. The flow cytometry analysis of A549 cancer cells treated with 9g and 9j' displayed that these compounds induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase at low concentrations and increased the number of apoptotic cells (cells in subG1 phase) at higher concentrations. They have also inhibited tubulin polymerization similar to combretastatin A-4 (CA-4). Annexin V binding staining assay in A549 cancer cells revealed that compound 9j' induced apoptosis (early and late). Finally, molecular docking studies of 9j' into the colchicine-binding site of tubulin presented the probable interactions of these compounds with tubulin.