School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
Hellenic Agricultural Organization "ELGO-Dimitra", Institute for Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture, Agrokipio-Souda, 73164 Chania, Greece.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Sep 15;787:147606. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147606. Epub 2021 May 8.
The effect of copper (Cu-NPs, CuO-NPs), silver (Ag-NPs) and zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) nanoparticles (NPs) on plant growth, physiological properties of tomato plants and their symbiotic relationships with the endophytic Fusarium solani FsK strain was investigated. Fungitoxicity tests revealed that the FsK strain was significantly more sensitive to Cu-NPs and ZnO-NPs than CuO-NPs and Ag-NPs both in terms of mycelial growth and spore germination. All NPs were more toxic to FsK compared to their bulk counterparts except for AgNO, which was 8 to 9-fold more toxic than Ag-NPs. Apart from AgNO, NPs and bulk counterparts did not affect the number of germinated tomato seeds even in higher concentrations, while root length was significantly reduced in a dose dependent way in most cases. Dry weight of tomato plants was also significantly reduced upon treatment with NPs and counterparts with most pronounced effects in the cases of AgNO, Cu-NPs, ZnO-NPs, and ZnSO. Root and shoot length of grown tomato plants was also affected by treatments while differences between NPs and bulk counterparts varied. A marked oxidative stress response was recorded in all cases of NPs/bulk counterparts as indicated by increased MDA and HO levels of treated plants. Treated plants had significantly reduced chlorophyl-a and carotenoid levels compared to the untreated control. NPs and counterparts did not affect FsK colonization of roots indicating a possible shielding effect of tomato plants once the endophyte was established inside the roots. Vice versa, a possible alleviation of CuO-NPs, ZnO-NPs, and ZnSO toxicity was observed in the presence of FsK inside tomato roots in terms of plant dry weight. The results suggest that phytotoxicity of NPs in tomato treated plants should be considered before application and while both FsK and tomato are sensitive to NPs, their reciprocal benefits may extent to resistance towards these toxic agents.
研究了铜（Cu-NPs、CuO-NPs）、银（Ag-NPs）和氧化锌（ZnO-NPs）纳米颗粒（NPs）对番茄植物生长、生理特性及其与内生尖孢镰刀菌 FsK 菌株共生关系的影响。真菌毒性试验表明，与 CuO-NPs 和 Ag-NPs 相比，FsK 菌株对 Cu-NPs 和 ZnO-NPs 的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均更为敏感。除 AgNO 外，所有 NPs 对 FsK 的毒性均高于其相应的体相物质，而 AgNO 的毒性则是 Ag-NPs 的 8-9 倍。除 AgNO 外，NPs 和体相物质即使在较高浓度下也不会影响发芽的番茄种子数量，而在大多数情况下，根长则呈剂量依赖性显著降低。NPs 和相应体相物质处理也显著降低了番茄植株的干重，其中以 AgNO、Cu-NPs、ZnO-NPs 和 ZnSO 最为显著。处理后还影响了番茄植株的根长和茎长，而 NPs 和体相物质之间的差异也有所不同。所有 NPs/体相物质处理均记录到明显的氧化应激反应，表现为处理植物 MDA 和 HO 水平升高。与未处理对照相比，处理植物的叶绿素-a 和类胡萝卜素水平显著降低。NPs 和相应体相物质对 FsK 对根的定殖没有影响，这表明一旦内生菌在根内定殖，番茄植物可能具有屏蔽作用。反之，在番茄根内存在 FsK 的情况下，观察到 CuO-NPs、ZnO-NPs 和 ZnSO 的毒性可能有所缓解，表现在植物干重方面。研究结果表明，在将 NPs 应用于番茄植物之前，应考虑其对植物的毒性，虽然 FsK 和番茄均对 NPs 敏感，但它们之间的相互益处可能会扩展到对这些有毒物质的抗性。
