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层状混合甲脒碘化铅钙钛矿:挑战与机遇

Layered Hybrid Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskites: Challenges and Opportunities.

作者信息

Milić Jovana V, Zakeeruddin Shaik M, Grätzel Michael

机构信息

Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, EPFL, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.

出版信息

Acc Chem Res. 2021 Jun 15;54(12):2729-2740. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00879. Epub 2021 Jun 4.

Abstract

ConspectusHybrid halide perovskite materials have become one of the leading candidates for various optoelectronic applications. They are based on organic-inorganic structures defined by the AMX composition, were A is the central cation that can be either organic (e.g., methylammonium, formamidinium (FA)) or inorganic (e.g., Cs), M is a divalent metal ion (e.g., Pb or Sn), and X is a halide anion (I, Br, or Cl). In particular, FAPbI perovskites have shown remarkable optoelectronic properties and thermal stabilities. However, the photoactive α-FAPbI (black) perovskite phase is not thermodynamically stable at ambient temperature and forms the δ-FAPbI (yellow) phase that is not suitable for optoelectronic applications. This has stimulated intense research efforts to stabilize and realize the potential of the α-FAPbI perovskite phase. In addition, hybrid perovskites were proven to be unstable against the external environmental conditions (air and moisture) and under device operating conditions (voltage and light), which is related to various degradation mechanisms. One of the strategies to overcome these instabilities has been based on low-dimensional hybrid perovskite materials, in particular layered two-dimensional (2D) perovskite phases composed of organic layers separating hybrid perovskite slabs, which were found to be more stable toward ambient conditions and ion migration. These materials are mostly based on SAPbX composition with various mono- ( = 1) or bifunctional ( = 2) organic spacer cations that template hybrid perovskite slabs and commonly form either Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) or Dion-Jacobson (DJ) phases. These materials behave as natural quantum wells since charge carriers are confined to the inorganic slabs, featuring a gradual decrease in the band gap as the number of inorganic layers () increases from = 1 (2D) to = ∞ (3D). While various layered 2D perovskites have been developed, their FA-based analogues remain under-represented to date. Over the past few years, several research advances enabled the realization of FA-based layered perovskites, which have also demonstrated a unique templating effect in stabilizing the α-FAPbI phase. This, for instance, involved the archetypical -butylammonium and 2-phenylethylammonium organic spacers as well as guanidinium, 5-ammonium valeric acid, -butylammonium, benzylammonium, -pentylammonium, 2-thiophenemethylammonium, 2-(perfluorophenyl)ethylammonium, 1-adamantylmethanammonium, and 1,4-phenylenedimethanammonium. FAPbBr-based layered perovskites have also demonstrated potential in various optoelectronic applications, yet the opportunities associated with FAPbI-based perovskites have attracted particular attention in photovoltaics, stimulating further developments. This Account provides an overview of some of these recent developments, with a particular focus on FAPbI-based layered perovskites and their utility in photovoltaics, while outlining challenges and opportunities for these hybrid materials in the future.

摘要

综述

混合卤化物钙钛矿材料已成为各种光电器件应用的主要候选材料之一。它们基于由AMX组成定义的有机-无机结构,其中A是中心阳离子,可以是有机的(例如,甲铵、甲脒(FA))或无机的(例如,Cs),M是二价金属离子(例如,Pb或Sn),X是卤化物阴离子(I、Br或Cl)。特别是,FAPbI钙钛矿表现出卓越的光电性能和热稳定性。然而,光活性α-FAPbI(黑色)钙钛矿相在环境温度下热力学不稳定,会形成不适合光电器件应用的δ-FAPbI(黄色)相。这激发了人们为稳定α-FAPbI钙钛矿相并实现其潜力而进行的深入研究。此外,混合钙钛矿已被证明在外部环境条件(空气和湿气)以及器件工作条件(电压和光照)下不稳定,这与各种降解机制有关。克服这些不稳定性的策略之一是基于低维混合钙钛矿材料,特别是由分隔混合钙钛矿板的有机层组成的层状二维(2D)钙钛矿相,发现其对环境条件和离子迁移更稳定。这些材料大多基于具有各种单官能(n = 1)或双官能(n = 2)有机间隔阳离子的SAPbX组成,这些阳离子为混合钙钛矿板提供模板,通常形成Ruddlesden-Popper(RP)或Dion-Jacobson(DJ)相。这些材料表现为天然量子阱,因为电荷载流子被限制在无机板中,随着无机层数(n)从n = 1(2D)增加到n = ∞(3D),带隙逐渐减小。虽然已开发出各种层状2D钙钛矿,但基于FA的类似物至今仍未得到充分研究。在过去几年中,多项研究进展促成了基于FA的层状钙钛矿的实现,它们在稳定α-FAPbI相方面也表现出独特的模板效应。例如,这涉及典型的正丁基铵和2-苯乙铵有机间隔基以及胍、5-氨基戊酸、正丁基铵、苄基铵、正戊基铵、2-噻吩甲基铵、2-(全氟苯基)乙铵、1-金刚烷甲铵和1,4-苯二甲铵。基于FAPbBr的层状钙钛矿在各种光电器件应用中也显示出潜力,但基于FAPbI的钙钛矿在光伏领域的相关机遇尤其受到关注,推动了进一步发展。本综述概述了其中一些最新进展,特别关注基于FAPbI的层状钙钛矿及其在光伏中的应用,同时概述了这些混合材料未来面临的挑战和机遇。

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