Effects of increasing concentrations of fungicide Quadris on bacterial functional profiling in loamy sand soil.

A mesocosm experiment was conducted to assess the side effects of the fungicide Quadris on soil bacterial functioning. Quadris was applied to a loamy sand soil at increasing concentrations (0.0-35.0 mg kg dry soil) calculated according to its active ingredient azoxystrobin (Az). Soil sampling was carried out from the 1st to the 120th day of soil incubation to determine the changes occurred in bacterial catabolism using the technique of community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) via Biolog EcoPlates™. It was found that the field recommended fungicide concentration (2.90 mg kg dry soil) altered mostly the low-available Biolog carbon sources (< 0.50 optical density (OD)), whereas the fungicide higher concentrations (14.65 and 35.00 mg kg dry soil) were effective also on medium (0.50-1.00 OD) and highly (> 1.00 OD) utilizable ones. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the main environmental factors correlated with the utilization rates of Biolog carbon sources (CSs) were soil nutrients and pH. No linear relationships were found between Az soil residues and the use of CSs. We concluded that Quadris affects bacterial catabolic profiles in loamy sand soils through soil acidification and altering soil nutrient pool. The study also revealed that CLPP and EcoPlate™ are useful practical tools for testing the fungicide ecotoxicity.