Azole resistance in species: promising therapeutic options.

INTRODUCTION

Azoles are the first-line antifungal agents used for the treatment of infection. There is an increasing concern for azole resistance all over the world mainly from agricultural fungicide use. Choosing safe and effective antifungal regimens has become a challenge.

AREAS COVERED

Here, the authors review the epidemiology, mechanisms, and detection of azole resistance along with management options for azole-resistant infection, including new antifungal agents under development.

EXPERT OPINION

Routine global epidemiological surveillance is required to understand azole resistance prevalence. Azole-resistant infections are associated with high mortality. No good therapeutic options are currently available. High index of suspicion of resistance is required if a patient is not responding to 4-7 days of azole therapy, particularly in the areas of resistance. Susceptibility testing for is not routinely available in many parts of the world, which makes it difficult to diagnose azole resistance in infection. There are several new antifungal classes with novel mechanisms of action; clinical trials are ongoing.