Review of CT-guided trans-osseous biopsies.

Percutaneous image-guided biopsy is an invaluable technique in the management of a myriad of different conditions; however, percutaneous access to some targets remains challenging. Trans-osseous biopsy provides safe, high-yield access to many challenging lesions in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis which might otherwise require more invasive procedures, such as mediastinoscopy or surgery to establish a histological diagnosis. Additionally, trans-osseous biopsy is well tolerated and may reduce the risk of injury to intervening vital structures as compared to other percutaneous techniques. In this article we review the indications, technical challenges, alternative techniques, and potential complications of trans-sternal, trans-costal, trans-scapular, trans-vertebral, trans-iliac, and trans-sacral biopsies.