Ventriculopleural shunt: Review of literature and novel ways to improve ventriculopleural shunt tolerance.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion is among the most commonneurosurgical procedures that are performed worldwide. It is estimated thatapproximately 30,000 ventriculostomies are performed annually in the United States.Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt malfunction rate within the first year of initialimplantation has been reported to be as high as 11-25%. In patients with abdominaladhesions, infections or multiple failed VP shunts, another bodily compartment shouldbe utilized as a substitute for the peritoneal cavity for distal shunt catheter placement.Ventriculopleural (VPL) shunting for hydrocephalus was first introduced by Heile in1914. Since the inception of this idea, VPL shunts have been utilized in select patientswith varying degrees of success. There have been a number of case reports andseries documenting unique complications with VPL shunting, with pleural effusion andpneumothorax being the most common complications. In our review article, we soughtto review the development of VPL shunting, pleuropulmonary physiology, insertiontechniques for VPL shunt, complications associated with VPL shunts, and uniquestrategies to improve VPL shunt tolerance.