Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
J Virol. 2021 Sep 27;95(20):e0064821. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00648-21. Epub 2021 Jul 28.
During retroviral replication, unspliced viral genomic RNA (gRNA) must escape the nucleus for translation into viral proteins and packaging into virions. "Complex" retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), use -acting elements on the unspliced gRNA in conjunction with -acting viral proteins to facilitate this escape. "Simple" retroviruses, such as Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV), exclusively use -acting elements on the gRNA in conjunction with host nuclear export proteins for nuclear escape. Uniquely, the simple retrovirus Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) has a Gag structural protein that cycles through the nucleus prior to plasma membrane binding. This trafficking has been implicated in facilitating gRNA nuclear export and is thought to be a required mechanism. Previously described mutants that abolish nuclear cycling displayed enhanced plasma membrane binding, enhanced virion release, and a significant loss in genome incorporation resulting in loss of infectivity. Here, we describe a nuclear cycling-deficient RSV Gag mutant that has similar plasma membrane binding and genome incorporation to wild-type (WT) virus and surprisingly is replication competent, albeit with a slower rate of spread than observed in WT virus. This mutant suggests that RSV Gag nuclear cycling is not strictly required for RSV replication. While mechanisms for retroviral Gag assembly at the plasma membrane are beginning to be characterized, characterization of intermediate trafficking locales remain elusive. This is in part due to the difficulty of tracking individual proteins from translation to plasma membrane binding. Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) Gag nuclear cycling is a unique phenotype that may provide comparative insight to viral trafficking evolution and may present a model intermediate to - and -acting mechanisms for gRNA export.
在逆转录病毒复制过程中,未剪接的病毒基因组 RNA(gRNA)必须从核内逃逸,以翻译为病毒蛋白并包装成病毒粒子。“复杂”的逆转录病毒,如人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV),利用未剪接的 gRNA 上的 - 作用元件与 - 作用病毒蛋白协同作用,促进这种逃逸。“简单”的逆转录病毒,如 Mason-Pfizer 猴病毒(MPMV)和鼠白血病病毒(MLV),仅利用 gRNA 上的 - 作用元件与宿主核输出蛋白协同作用进行核逃逸。独特的是,简单的逆转录病毒 Rous 肉瘤病毒(RSV)具有一种 Gag 结构蛋白,在与质膜结合之前循环穿过核。这种运输与促进 gRNA 核输出有关,被认为是一种必需的机制。先前描述的消除核循环的突变体显示出增强的质膜结合、增强的病毒释放以及基因组整合的显著损失,导致感染性丧失。在这里,我们描述了一种核循环缺陷的 RSV Gag 突变体,它与野生型(WT)病毒具有相似的质膜结合和基因组整合,令人惊讶的是,它具有复制能力,尽管传播速度比 WT 病毒慢。这种突变体表明 RSV Gag 核循环不是 RSV 复制所必需的。虽然逆转录病毒 Gag 在质膜上组装的机制开始被描述,但中间运输场所的特征仍然难以捉摸。部分原因是难以追踪从翻译到质膜结合的单个蛋白质。 Rous 肉瘤病毒(RSV)Gag 核循环是一种独特的表型,可能为病毒运输进化提供比较性的见解,并可能为 gRNA 输出的 - 作用和 - 作用机制提供中间模型。